Avian

Hugues Beaufrère, DVM, PhD, DACZM, DECZM(Avian), DABVP(Avian), Associate Professor of Companion Zoological Medicine and Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA. Jennifer Graham, DVM, DACZM, DABVP (Avian, Exotic Companion Mammal), Graham Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Madison, AL, USA.

A
Adenoviruses
Adrenal gland diseases
Air Sac Mites
Air Sac Rupture
Algal biotoxins
Amyloidosis
Anemia
Angel Wing
Aneurysm
Angular limb deformity (see also Splay leg)
Anorexia
Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis (see toxicosis)
Arboviruses (see also EEE, WNV, WEE)
Arrhythmias
Arthritis (see joint diseases)
Ascites
Aspergillosis
Aspiration pneumonia
Atherosclerosis
Atoxoplasmosis (see coccidiosis (systemic))
Avian Influenza
Avian vacuolar myelinopathy
Avocado poisoning (see ingested toxins)
Avulavirus (see paramyxoviruses)

B
Baylisascaris (see neural larva migrans)
Beak Injuries/trauma
Beak Malocclusion
Bite Wounds (see wounds)
Bordetellosis
Bornaviral disease (psittaciformes)
Bornaviral disease (aquatic birds)
Botulism
Brachial plexus avulsion/trauma
Bumblefoot (See Pododermatitis)
Bursa of Fabricius (diseases of)

C
Campylobacteriosis
Candidiasis
Capture myopathy
Cardiac Disease (see congestive heart disease, pericardial effusion, arrhythmias, myocardial diseases)
Cere and Skin, Color Changes
Chlamydiosis (avian)
Cholera (see pasteurellosis)
Chronic Egg Laying
Circovirus (psittacine)
Circovirus (pigeon)
Circovirus (passerines)
Cloacal Diseases
Cloacal prolapses (see also cloacal diseases)
Clostridiosis
CNS Tumors, Brain Tumors, Pituitary Tumors
Coagulopathies and Coagulation
Coccidiosis, Intestinal
Coccidiosis, Systemic
Coelomic Distension
Colibacillosis
Congestive heart failure
Conjunctivitis (see ocular lesions)
Coxiellosis
Crop burn
Crop stasis (see ileus)
Cryptococcosis
Cryptosporidiosis

D
Dehydration (see also hypotension)
Degenerative joint disease (see joint diseases)
Dermatitis/dermatomycosis
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
Diarrhea
Discospondylitis
Dyslipidemia/Hyperlipidemia
Dyspnea (see also respiratory distress)
Dystocia and Egg Binding

E
Ectoparasites (mites)
Ectoparasites (lice)
Ectoparasites (flies/dipterans)
Egg abnormalities
Egg binding (see dystocia)
Egg Yolk and Reproductive Coelomitis
Emaciation
Embryonic death/hatching failure
Enteritis and Gastritis
Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEE)

F
Feather Cyst
Feather Damaging Behavior and Self-Injurious Behavior
Feather Disorders
Flagellate (intestinal)
Foreign bodies (intestinal)
Fractures

G
Giardiasis (See flagellate (intestinal))
Goiter (see Thyroid diseases)
Gout (see renal disease and hyperuricemia)

H
Head trauma
Helminthiasis (gastrointestinal)
Helminthiasis (respiratory)
Helminthiasis (body cavities, cardiovascular)
Helminthiasis (neurological, see neural larva migrans)
Heat stroke/hyperthermia
Heart failure (see congestive heart failure)
Heavy Metal Toxicity (see toxicosis)
Hemochromatosis (see iron storage disease)
Hemoparasites/hematozoans
Hemorrhage
Hepatic Lipidosis
Hernia/pseudohernia
Herpesviruses (Psittacid herpesviruses 1-3)
Herpesvirus (Columbid herpesvirus 1, in pigeons and raptors)
Herpesvirus (Duck viral enteritis)
Herpesvirus (passerine birds)
Herpesvirus (chicken, see Marek’s disease and infectious laryngotracheitis)
Histomoniasis
Horner’s syndrome
Hypercholesterolemia (see dyslipidemia)
Hyperglycemia (see Diabetes Mellitus)
Hyperparathyroidism (See metabolic bone disease)
Hyperuricemia
Hypocalcemia (and Hypomagnesemia) (see also nutritional imbalances)
Hypotension/hypovolemia
Hypothermia
Hypothyroidism (see thyroid diseases)
Hypovitaminosis A (see nutritional imbalances)

I
Incubation (disorders of)
Infertility
Ileus (functional, crop stasis)
Infectious bronchitis (see respiratory infection in chickens)
Infectious laryngotracheitis (see respiratory infection in chickens)
Internal papillomatosis (see herpesviruses)
Iron Storage Disease (ISD)

J
Joint diseases

K
Knemidocoptic mites (see ectoparasites, mites)

L
Lameness
Lead (see toxicosis (heavy metals))
Leukemia (See Neoplasia)
Leukocytosis
Leukopenia
Lice (see ectoparasites)
Lipomas (see neoplasia)
Liver Disease
Lung diseases (see also pneumonia and toxicosis (airborne))
Luxations
Lymphosarcoma (see neoplasia)
Leukosis virus (avian)

M
Macrorhabdosis
Malaria (see hemoparasites)
Marek’s disease
Metabolic Bone Disease (see hyperparathyroidism)
Microsporidiosis / Encephalitozoon
Mites (see ectoparasites)
Myiasis
Myocardial diseases
Mycobacteriosis (avian)
Mycoplasmosis
Mycotoxicosis

N
Nails (diseases of)
Neoplasia (gastrointestinal and hepatic)
Neoplasia (integument)
Neoplasia (lymphoproliferative)
Neoplasia (neurological)
Neoplasia (renal)
Neoplasia (respiratory)
Neoplasia (reproductive)
Neural larva migrans
Neurologic (degenerative conditions)
Newcastle disease (see paramyxoviruses)
Nutritional Imbalances (see also hypovitaminosis A)

O
Obesity
Ocular Lesions
Oil Exposure
Oral Plaques
Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicity (see also Toxicosis (environmental/pesticides))
Otitis
Ovarian diseases
Overgrown Beak (see beak malocclusion)
Oviductal diseases

P
Pacheco’s disease (see herpesviruses)
Pain
Pancreatic Diseases
Papillomas, Cutaneous
Paramyxoviruses
Parasites (internal) (see helminthiasis, coccidiosis, neural larva migrans)
Parasites (external) (see ectoparasites)
Pasteurellosis
Patagium diseases
Pericardial effusion
Perosis/slipped tendon
Phallus Prolapse/diseases
Plant and Avocado Toxins (see toxicosis)
Pneumonia
Pododermatitis
Polydipsia
Polyfolliculitis
Polyomavirus
Polyostotic hyperostosis / osteomyelosclerosis
Polyuria
Poxvirus
Predator attack (see wounds)
Problem Behaviors: Aggression, Biting and Screaming
Prolapses (see cloacal prolapses)
Proventricular Dilatation Disease (see bornaviral diseases)
Proventricular diseases (see enteritis and gastritis)
Psittacine beak and feather disease (see circoviruses)
PTFE toxicosis (see toxicosis)

R
Regurgitation and Vomiting
Renal Diseases
Reoviruses
Respiratory Distress (see Dyspnea)
Respiratory infections in chicken
Rhinitis and Sinusitis

S
Salmonellosis
Salpingitis (see oviductal diseases)
Sarcocystosis
Seizures
Sepsis
Sick Bird Syndrome
Spinal trauma
Spirochete infection
Spironucleus (see flagellate (intestinal))
Splay Leg (see angular limb deformities)
Spleen (diseases of)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (see neoplasia)
Squamous metaplasia (see hypovitaminosis A)
Stroke (See Atherosclerosis)
Syringeal disease (see tracheal diseases)

T
Tendon rupture
Tenosynovitis
Thymus (diseases of)
Thyroid Diseases
Toes (diseases of)
Tongue (diseases of)
Toxicosis (airborne)
Toxicosis (environmental/pesticides)
Toxicosis (ingested, gastrointestinal)
Toxicosis (heavy metals)
Toxicosis (iatrogenic)
Toxoplasmosis
Tracheal Disease and Syringeal Disease
Trauma
Trichomoniasis
Tumors (See Neoplasia)

U
Undigested Food in Droppings
Urate and Fecal Discoloration
Uropygial Gland Diseases

V
Viral Disease (see individual viral diseases)Vitamin D Toxicosis

W
West Nile Virus (WNV)
Western Equine Encephalitis virus (WEE)
Wing droop
Wounds (including bite wounds, predator attacks)

X
Xanthomas/xanthomatosis

Y
Yersiniosis
Yolk sac retention
Young pigeon syndrome (see circovirus)

Z
Zinc (see toxicosis (heavy metals))
Zygomycosis 

Additional Appendices
Appendix: Differential diagnosis by system and species
Appendix: History sheets
Appendix I Common Dosages for Birds
Appendix II Avian Hematology Reference Values
Appendix III Laboratory Testing (USA/Canada/Europe)
Appendix IV Viral Diseases of Concern
Appendix V Selected Zoonotic Diseases of Concern and Personal Protection
Appendix VI Common Avian Toxins and their Clinical Signs
Appendix VII Clinical Algorithms
Hematological and serum biochemical reference ranges for select parrots
List of Illustrations