Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases

Tanmoy Rana, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

List of Contributors xxi

Preface xxv

Acknowledgment xxvii

1 General Introduction to Canine and Feline Parasitic Diseases 1
Sanweer Khatoon

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Type of Intestinal Parasites 5

1.3 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention 6

1.4 Control 6

1.5 Internal Parasites 6

1.6 General Measures for the Prevention of Worm Infections 8

1.7 Anti- helminthics and Deworming Guidelines 9

2 Symbiosis and Parasitism in Dogs and Cats 11
Adedayo M. Awoniyi

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Examples of Dog and Cat Parasites 14

2.3 Recommendations and Conclusion 18

3 Risk Factors Associated with Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 19
Baleshwari Dixit, Rinesh Kumar, Alok K. Dixit, and Alok K. Singh

3.1 Introduction 19

3.2 Intrinsic Factors 21

3.3 External Factors 22

3.4 Control 28

4 Host–Parasite–Microbiome Interactions in Dogs and Cats 31
Furqan Munir, Amna Shakoor, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, and Zia ud Din Sindhu

4.1 Introduction 31

4.2 Microbiome of Parasites 32

4.3 The Microbiome of Dogs and Cats 32

4.4 Microbiomes and Helminths in the Guts of Dogs and Cats 33

4.5 Microbiota- mediated Protection 33

4.6 Why Do We Need to Study the Microbiota? 36

4.7 Future Perspectives 37

4.8 Conclusion 37

5 Linguatula serrata Worm Infections in Dogs and Cats 41
V. G. Charitha, C. Sreedevi, V. C. Rayulu, and P. M. Kondaiah

5.1 Introduction 41

5.2 Taxonomy 41

5.3 Historical Perspective 42

5.4 Incidence and Geographical Distribution 43

5.5 Morphology 43

5.6 Life Cycle 46

5.7 Pathogensis and Clinical Signs 46

5.8 Diagnosis 48

5.9 Treatment and Control 48

6 Annelida Infestations in Dogs and Cats 53
Hanumappa Dhanalakshmi

6.1 Leech Structure 53

6.2 Leech Organ Systems 53

6.3 Reproduction 53

6.4 Life Cycle 54

6.6 Feeding 55

6.7 Morphological Characteristics of Leech Families 55

6.8 Transmission 58

6.9 Pathogenesis 58

6.10 Treatment 58

6.11 Control 59

7 Insecta Infestations in Dogs and Cats 61
Anil Kumar, Tanmoy Rana, Sonam Bhatt, and Ankesh Kumar

7.1 Introduction 61

7.2 Diptera (Flies) 61

7.3 Phthiraptera (Lice) 64

7.4 Siphonaptera (Fleas) 65

7.5 Hemiptera (Bed Bugs) 67

7.6 Ticks and Mites 67

8 Acanthocephala Worm Infections in Dogs and Cats 73
Ramesh Putchakayala and Gurram S. Haritha

8.1 Origin and Classification 73

8.2 General Description 74

8.3 Developmental Stages 75

8.4 Acanthocephalans in Small Animals 75

9 Tick- borne Diseases in Dogs and Cats 79
Ugochukwu F. Ogbodo

9.1 Babesiosis 79

9.2 Cytauxzoonosis 81

9.3 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis 82

9.4 Hemotropic Mycoplasmosis 84

9.5 Hepatozoonosis 85

9.6 Lyme Borreliosis 87

9.7 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 88

10 Roundworm Infections in Dogs and Cats 93
J. Adeppa and V. Gnani Charitha

10.1 Introduction 93

10.2 Morphology 93

10.3 Life Cycle 95

10.4 Clinical Findings and Lesions in Small Animals 97

10.5 Clinical Findings and Pathogenesis in Humans 97

10.6 Diagnosis 99

10.7 Treatment 99

10.8 Prevention 99

11 Tapeworm Infections in Dogs and Cats 101
Manoj K. Kalita, Gautam Bordoloi, and Prerona Patowary

11.1 Introduction 101

11.2 Dipylidium Tapeworms 101

11.3 Taenia Tapeworms of Dogs and Cats 102

11.4 Echinococcus 105

11.5 Mesocestoides 106

11.6 Diphyllobothrium 107

12 Fluke Infections in Dogs and Cats 111
Sanweer Khatoon, Afroz Jahan, Naresh Kumar, and Tikam Goyal

12.1 Introduction 111

12.2 Trematodes (Platyhelminthes, Flatworms, Flukes) 111

12.3 Host Associations and Transmission Between Hosts 115

12.4 Pathogenesis 115

12.5 Public Health Considerations 115

12.6 Conclusion 116

12.7 Recommended Treatments and Strategies 116

13 Protozoan Infections in Dogs and Cats 119
Manoj K. Kalita and Prerona Patowary

13.1 Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis) 119

13.2 Hepatozoonosis 120

13.3 Cytauxzoonosis 121

13.4 Trypanosomiasis 122

13.5 Toxoplasmosis 123

13.6 Leishmanisis 125

13.7 Neosporosis 125

13.8 Sarcocystosis 126

13.9 Trichomoniasis 127

13.10 Intestinal Protozoa of Dogs and Cats 127

13.11 Coccidiosis (Isosporiasis) 129

13.12 Cryptosporidiosis 129

14 Immunology and Pathogenic Purview 133
Krishnan S. Prasanna

14.1 Host–Parasite Associations 133

14.2 Immune Machineries in Dogs and Cats 134

14.3 Evasion of Immunity by Parasites 141

14.4 Immunopathology 142

14.5 Autoimmunity 143

14.6 Conclusion 144

15 Parasitic Zoonoses and One Health 147
Hanumappa Dhanalakshmi

15.1 Zoonoses Caused by Protozoa 147

15.2 Zoonoses Caused by Trematodes 152

15.3 Zoonoses Caused by Cestodes 153

15.4 Zoonoses Caused by Nematodes 155

15.5 Zoonoses Caused by Arthropods 157

15.6 Flea Allergy Dermatitis 157

15.7 Conclusions 158

16 Parasitic Fauna Associated with Reproductive Disorders 161
Baleshwari Dixit, Somesh Meshram, Amit K. Jha, and Ravi Khare

16.1 Introduction 161

16.2 Toxoplasmosis 162

16.3 Neosporosis 166

16.4 Leishmaniosis 168

16.5 Dirofilariosis 169

16.6 Toxocariasis 170

17 Diagnostic Perspectives of Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 173
Manisha Mehra, Gunjan Choudhary, and Jaykumar Desai

17.1 Parasite Detection in Fecal Materials 173

17.2 Parasite Detection in Urinary Systems 182

17.3 Blood Parasites of Dogs and Cats 182

18 Anti- helminthic Resistance: A Barrier to Controlling Parasites in Dogs and Cats 189
Fathy A. Osman

18.1 Definitions 190

18.2 Principles of Anti- helminthic Resistance (AR) Development 190

18.3 Factors Contributing to the Development of Anti- helminthic Resistance 190

18.4 Evidence of Anti- helminthic Resistance 194

18.5 Mechanisms of Resistance 194

18.6 Monitoring Anti- helminthic Resistance (AR) 195

18.7 Prevention of Anti- helminthic Resistance (AR) Development in Dogs and Cats 199

18.8 Conclusion and Recommendations 200

19 Molecular Biology of Parasites in Dogs and Cats 205
Sanweer Khatoon, Afroz Jahan, Tikam Goyal, and Srinivas

19.1 Introduction 205

20 Parasitic Vaccines in Dogs and Cats 213
Furqan Munir, Amna Shakoor, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, and Zia ud Din Sindhu

20.1 Introduction 213

20.2 Importance of Vaccination in Companion Animals 214

20.3 The Manipulation of Immune Responses for the Development of Vaccines 214

20.4 Advancement in the Development of Anti- parasitic Vaccines 216

20.5 Novel Drug Delivery Systems for the Delivery of Vaccines 217

20.6 Future Perspectives 218

20.7 Conclusion 219

21 Biological Control of Parasites 223
Amita Dubey, Rupesh Verma, Amita Tiwari, and Apeksha Khare

21.1 Introduction 223

21.2 Traditional Control 224

21.3 History of Biological Control 224

21.4 Advantages of Biological Control 224

21.5 Disadvantages of Biological Control 224

21.6 Biological Control Agents 224

21.7 Use of Biological Agents to Control Ticks and Mites 227

21.8 Applying Biological Control 227

21.9 Summary 227

22 Therapeutic Measures and Control Strategies 229
Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Fakiha Kalim, Azka Kalim, and Furqan Munir

Glossary 229

22.1 Introduction 229

22.2 Risk Analysis for Designing Appropriate Control Strategies 230

22.3 Deworming 230

22.4 Use of Anti- parasitic Drugs 231

22.5 Use of Nanotechnology 231

22.6 Ecological Control 236

22.7 Management Practices 236

22.8 Role of Veterinarian 238

22.9 Future Perspectives 238

22.10 Conclusion 239

23 Future Advanced Research Directions against Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 243
Abrar Ul Haq, Idrees M. Allaie, Shahana R. Tramboo, and Tanmoy Rana

23.1 Introduction 243

23.2 Major Endoparasitic and Ectoparasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats 243

23.3 Advances in the Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats 244

23.4 Advanced Therapies for Parasitoses in Dogs and Cats 245

23.5 Veterinary Parasitic Vaccines 246

23.6 Challenges and Future Directions Against Parasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats 247

23.7 Conclusion 248

References 249

Index 253