Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology (eBook)
912 Seiten
Wiley (Verlag)
978-1-119-80135-1 (ISBN)
A user-friendly reference to basic, foundational information on veterinary ophthalmology
This book provides readers with a user-friendly manual to the basics of veterinary ophthalmology. It puts a focus on the most relevant information for clinical practice. Emphasizing canine ophthalmology, the book also covers the foundations of feline, equine, farm animal, and exotic animal ophthalmology. To aid in reader comprehension and information assimilation, a companion website presents review questions and the figures from the book in PowerPoint. Sample topics covered within the work include:
- Ophthalmic foundations: ophthalmic development and structure, physiology of the eye and vision, and ocular pharmacology and therapeutics
- Canine ophthalmology: canine orbit (disease and surgery), canine eyelids (disease and surgery), canine lacrimal apparatus (tear secretion and drainage), canine cornea (diseases and surgery) and canine glaucoma
- Other species: feline ophthalmology, equine ophthalmology, and food and fiber animal ophthalmology
- Ophthalmic and systemic diseases: comparative neuro-ophthalmology and systemic disease and the eye
Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology is a useful guide for veterinary students and practitioners looking to build out their core foundations of knowledge within their specific programs of study and disciplines.
The Authors
Kirk N. Gelatt, VMD, Diplomate ACVO, is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Caryn E. Plummer, DVM, Diplomate ACVO, is Professor of Comparative Ophthalmology at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, USA.
A user-friendly reference to basic, foundational information on veterinary ophthalmology This book provides readers with a user-friendly manual to the basics of veterinary ophthalmology. It puts a focus on the most relevant information for clinical practice. Emphasizing canine ophthalmology, the book also covers the foundations of feline, equine, farm animal, and exotic animal ophthalmology. To aid in reader comprehension and information assimilation, a companion website presents review questions and the figures from the book in PowerPoint. Sample topics covered within the work include: Ophthalmic foundations: ophthalmic development and structure, physiology of the eye and vision, and ocular pharmacology and therapeutics Canine ophthalmology: canine orbit (disease and surgery), canine eyelids (disease and surgery), canine lacrimal apparatus (tear secretion and drainage), canine cornea (diseases and surgery) and canine glaucoma Other species: feline ophthalmology, equine ophthalmology, and food and fiber animal ophthalmology Ophthalmic and systemic diseases: comparative neuro-ophthalmology and systemic disease and the eye Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology is a useful guide for veterinary students and practitioners looking to build out their core foundations of knowledge within their specific programs of study and disciplines.
The Authors Kirk N. Gelatt, VMD, Diplomate ACVO, is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, USA. Caryn E. Plummer, DVM, Diplomate ACVO, is Professor of Comparative Ophthalmology at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
About the Companion Website xi
Section 1 Basics for Clinical Veterinary Ophthalmology 1
1 Development and Morphology of the Eye and Adnexa 3
Section I: Development of the Eye and Adnexa 3
Section II: Morphology of the Eye and Adnexa 13
2 Ophthalmic Physiology and Vision 59
Section I: Physiology of the Eye 59
3 Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 114
Section I: Ocular Drug Delivery 114
Section 2 Ocular Exam and Imaging 161
4 Eye Examination and Diagnostics 163
Section 3 Canine Ophthalmology 217
5 Canine Orbit: Disease and Surgery 219
6 Canine Eyelids: Disease and Surgery 239
7 Canine Nasolacrimal and Lacrimal Systems: Disease and Surgery 270
Section I: Nasolacrimal Duct System 270
8 Canine Conjunctivae and Nictitating Membrane: Disease and Surgery 290
9 Canine Cornea and Sclera: Diseases and Surgery 310
10 The Canine Glaucomas 355
11 Canine Anterior Uvea: Diseases and Surgery 394
12 Canine Cataracts, Lens Luxations, and Surgery 426
Section I: Cataracts -- Clinical Findings 426
Section II: Cataract Surgery 455
13 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Posterior Segment 469
Section I: Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Vitreous 469
Section II: Diseases of the Canine Ocular Fundus 478
Section III: Surgery of the Canine Posterior Segment 515
Section IV: Optic Nerve 525
Section 4 Special Species 539
14 Feline Ophthalmology 541
15 Equine Ophthalmology 604
16 Food and Fiber Animal Ophthalmology 665
17 Exotic Animals: Ophthalmic Diseases and Surgery 716
Section 5 Ophthalmic and Systemic Diseases 761
18 Neuro-ophthalmology 763
19 Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease 784
Section I: Dogs 784
Section II: Cats 812
Section III: Horses 831
Section IV: Food Animals 840
Glossary 845
Appendix A Inherited Ophthalmic Diseases in the Dog 851
Appendix B Inherited Eye Diseases in the Cat 853
Appendix C Inherited Eye Diseases in the Horse 854
Appendix D Inherited Eye Diseases in Production Animals 855
Appendix E Lysosomal Storage Diseases in the Dog, Cat, and Food Animals 856
Index 858
1
Development and Morphology of the Eye and Adnexa
Revised from 6th edition of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Chapter 1: Ocular Embryology and Congenital Malformations, by Cynthia S. Cook; and Chapter 2: Ophthalmic Anatomy, by Jessica M. Meekins, Amy J. Rankin, and Don A. Samuelson
Section I: Development of the Eye and Adnexa
Ocular development has been investigated in some detail in rodents, the dog, and the cow, and demonstrates that the sequence of developmental events is very similar across species. When comparing these studies, one should consider differences in duration of gestation, differences in anatomical end point (e.g., presence of a tapetum, macula, or Schlemm's canal), and when eyelid fusion breaks (during the sixth month of gestation in the human versus two weeks postnatal in the dog and cow) (Tables 1.1 and 1.2).
Gastrulation and Neurulation
Cellular mitosis following fertilization results in transformation of the single‐cell zygote into a cluster of 12–16 cells. With continued cellular proliferation, this morula becomes a blastocyst, containing a fluid‐filled cavity. The cells of the blastocyst will form both the embryo proper and the extraembryonic tissues (i.e., amnion and chorion). At this early stage, the embryo is a bilaminar disc, consisting of hypoblast and epiblast. This embryonic tissue divides the blastocyst space into the amniotic cavity (adjacent to epiblast) and the yolk sac (adjacent to hypoblast).
Gastrulation (formation of the mesodermal germ layer) begins during day 10 of gestation in the dog (day 7 in the mouse; days 15–20 in the human). The primitive streak forms as a longitudinal groove within the epiblast (i.e., future ectoderm). Epiblast cells migrate toward the primitive streak, where they invaginate to form the mesoderm. This forms the three classic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Gastrulation proceeds in a cranial‐to‐caudal progression; simultaneously, the cranial surface ectoderm proliferates, forming bilateral elevations called the neural folds (i.e., future brain). The columnar surface ectoderm in this area now becomes known as the neural ectoderm.
As the neural folds elevate and approach each other, a specialized population of mesenchymal cells, the neural crest, emigrates from the neural ectoderm at its junction with the surface ectoderm. Migration and differentiation of the neural crest cells are influenced by the hyaluronic acid‐rich extracellular matrix. This acellular matrix is secreted by the surface epithelium as well as by the crest cells, and it forms a space through which the crest cells migrate. The neural crest cells migrate peripherally beneath the surface ectoderm to spread throughout the embryo, populating the region around the optic vesicle and ultimately giving rise to nearly all the connective tissue structures of the eye (Table 1.3).
Table 1.1 Sequence of ocular development in human, mouse, and dog.
Human (approximate post‐fertilization age) | Mouse (day post‐fertilization) | Dog (day post‐fertilization or P = postnatal day) | Developmental events |
---|
Month | Week | Day |
---|
1 | 3 | 22 | 8 | 13 | Optic sulci present in forebrain |
4 | 24 | 9 | 15 | Optic sulci convert into optic vesicles |
10 | 17 | Optic vesicle contacts surface epithelium Lens placode begins to thicken |
26 | Optic vesicle surrounded by neural crest mesenchyme |
2 | 5 | 28 | 10.5 | Optic vesicle begins to invaginate, forming optic cup Lens pit forms as lens placode invaginates Retinal primordium thickens, marginal zone present |
32 | 11 | 19 | Optic vesicle invaginated to form optic cup Optic fissure delineated Retinal primordium consists of external limiting membrane, proliferative zone, primitive zone, marginal zone, and internal limiting membrane Oculomotor nerve present |
33 | 11.5 | 25 | Pigment in outer layer of optic cup Hyaloid artery enters through the optic cup Lens vesicle separated from surface ectoderm Retina: inner marginal and outer nuclear zones |
11.5 | 29 | Basement membrane of surface ectoderm intact Primary lens fibers form Trochlear and abducens nerves appear Lid fold present |
6 | 37 | 12 | Edges of optic fissure in contact |
12 | 30 | TVL present Lens vesicle cavity obliterated Ciliary ganglion present |
41 | 12 | 32 | Posterior retina consists of nerve fiber layer, inner neuroblastic layer, transient fiber layer of Chievitz, proliferative zone, outer neuroblastic layer, and external limiting membrane |
17 | 32 | Eyelids fuse (dog) |
7 | Anterior chamber beginning to form |
12.5 | 40 | Secondary lens fibers present |
48 | 14 | 32 | Corneal endothelium differentiated |
8 | 51 | Optic nerve fibers reach the brain Optic stalk cavity is obliterated Lens sutures appear Acellular corneal stroma present |
54 | 30–35 | Scleral condensation present |
9 | 57 | 17 | 40 | First indication of ciliary processes and iris |
— | EOMs visible Eyelids fuse (occurs earlier in the dog) |
10 | 45 | Pigment visible in iris stroma Ciliary processes touch lens equator Rudimentary rods and cones appear |
45–1P | Hyaloid artery begins to atrophy to the disc |
3 | 12 | — | Branches of the central retinal artery form |
4 | 51 | Pupillary sphincter differentiates Retinal vessels present |
— | 56 | Ciliary muscle appears |
— | Tapetum present (dog) |
5 | 40 | Layers of the choroid are complete with pigmentation |
6 | — | Eyelids begin to open, light perception |
1P | Pupillary dilator muscle present |
7 | 1–14P | Pupillary membrane atrophies |
1–16P | Rod and cone inner and outer segments present in posterior retina |
10–13P | Pars plana distinct |
9 | 16–40P | Retinal layers developed |
14P | Regression of pupillary membrane, TVL, and hyaloid artery nearly complete Lacrimal duct canalized |
Table 1.2 Sequence of ocular development in the cow.
Ocular part or event | Gestational size (mm) |
---|
Lens |
Optic vesicle | 6 |
Lens placode | 6 |
Optic cup and lens placode | 10 |
Separation of lens vesicle from surface ectoderm | 10 |
Primary lens fibers | 15 |
Lens vesicle cavity disappears | 24 |
Completion of lens capsule | 50 |
Secondary lens fibers | 58 |
Perilenticular vascular mesoderm |
Extension of primary vitreous (hyaloid artery) to... |
Erscheint lt. Verlag | 26.5.2022 |
---|---|
Sprache | englisch |
Themenwelt | Veterinärmedizin ► Klinische Fächer ► Ophthalmologie |
Schlagworte | Augenheilkunde • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / Augenheilkunde • Veterinary Medicine • Veterinary Ophthalmology |
ISBN-10 | 1-119-80135-4 / 1119801354 |
ISBN-13 | 978-1-119-80135-1 / 9781119801351 |
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