Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry

Peter P. Emily, DDS, Hon. Dipl. American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), is certified in human dentistry in periodontology, pathology and radiology and is the founder of the Peter Emily International Veterinary Dental Foundation.

Edward R. Eisner, AB, DVM, Dipl. American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), AVDC-ZWD (founding certificate holder in zoo and wildlife dentistry), is Associate DVM Dental Specialist and Chief of Dental Services at VCA Highlands Ranch Animal Specialty and Emergency Center in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA.

List of Contributors
FORWARD by Frank V. F. Verstraete
ABOUT PETER EMILY by Edward R. Eisner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION by Peter P. Emily
PART I
1.A HISTORY OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY By: Colin E. Harvey
2. ODONTOLOGY: A HISTORY OF TEETH By: Peter P. Emily
2.SPECIAL CONSIDERATION REGARDINGEQUIPMENT, INSTRUMENTS AND SUPPLIES
3.DENTAL FORM AND FUNCTION AS IT RELATES TO DENTAL THERAPY OF WILD ANIMALS
4.CARNIVORES
5A. STANDARD ENDODONTICS
5B. SURGICAL ENDODONTICS
5C. PERIODONTICS
5D. CARIES AND OTHER RESTORATIVE PROCEDURES
5E. COMBINED PERIODONTIC AND ENDODONTICS
5F. SURGERY
6. HERBIVORES
6A. STANDARD AND SURGICAL ENDODONTICS
6B. ORAL SURGERY
7. MARSUPIAL AND HERBIVORE ABSCESSES:
OSTIOMYELITIS, (LUMPY JAW)
8. ELEPHANTS AND TUSK THERAPY
ENDODONTICS
TUSK AMPUTATION
8A. TUSK THERAPY FOR HOG, WALRUS, ELEPHANT AND HIPPOPOTAMUS
8B. ELEPHANT DENTAL THERAPEUTICS By: Gerhardus Steenkamp, Professor of Surgery and Dentistry, University of Praetoria, South Africa
9. PRIMATES
9A. ENDODONTICS
9B. CARIES AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY
9C. PERIODONTICS
10. AVIAN FRACTURED AND MALOCCLUDED BEAKS
10A. BEAK FRACTURE REPAIR
10B. ORTHOBEAKICS
10C. BEAK REPAIR FOR AMPHIBIANS
10D. BEAKISTRY: ORTHOGNATHIC CORRECTIONS
AND SURGICAL REPAIR ON AVIAN BEAKS By: Dr.
Roberto Feccio, Sao Paulo, Brazil
11. DENTAL MANAGEMENT OF PINNIPEDS By: Steven E. Holmstrom, DVM, DAVDC
12. PRACTICAL ANESTHESIA FOR CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS By: Felicia Knightly, DVM, Senior Veterinarian, Memphis Zoo
PART II
PERTINENT DENTAL INFORMATION, OF 340 SPECIES MOST OFTEN TREATED IN SANCTUARIES AND ZOOS
13. CARNIVORES:
THE CAT FAMILY
13A. BIG CATS
BOB CAT (LYNX RUFUS)
CANADIAN LYNX
CARACAL (AFRICAN LYNX)
EUROPEAN LYNX
CHEETAH
COUGAR (MOUNTAIN LION, PUMA)
MELANOTIC COUGAR (PANTHER)
JAGUAR
LEOPARD
AMELANOTIC LEOPARD
CLOUDED LEOPARD
MELANOTIC LEOPARD
SNOW LEOPARD
SOMALIAN LEOPARD
LIGER [STERILE HYBRID OF TIGER & AFRICAN LION]
LION
SERVAL
TIGER
13B. SMALL CATS
AFRICAN WILD CAT
DOMESTIC CAT
FISHING CAT
GENET
JUNGLE CAT
OCELOT
PALLAS CAT
SAVANAH (F1 HYBRID CROSS: SERVAL &
DOMESTIC CAT)
14. THE BEAR FAMILY
14A. BIG BEARS
AMERICAN BLACK BEAR / BROWN BEAR
CINNAMON BEAR (Subspecies of the American Black Bear)
GRIZZLY BEAR
HIMALAYAN BEAR
KODIAK BEAR
POLAR BEAR
SPECTACLED BEAR
SUN BEAR
14B. SMALL BEARS
SLOTH BEAR
15. THE PRIMATES
15A. LOWER PRIMATES; PROSIMIANS - Suborder of Primates
Prosimii - Long face, prominent whiskers, slightly sideways-
looking eyes, nocturnal.
AYE AYE
BUSH BABY
INDRI
LEMURS
BROWN LEMUR
FLYING LEMUR
PHILIPPINE COLUGO
LORIS
POTTO
SIFAKA
TARSIER
15B. HIGHER PRIMATES
15B.1. NEW WORLD MONKEYS (CENTRAL & SOUTH
AMERICA)
MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS
COTTON-TOPPED MARMOSET
TAMARIN
CAPUCIAN-LIKE MONKEYS
CAPUCIAN MONKEY
HOWLER MONKEY
RED FACED WARKARI
SPIDER MONKEY
WOOLY
15B.2. OLD WORLD MONKEYS (AFRICA & ASIA)
COLOBUS
LEAF MONKEY
GUENONS, MACAQUES, BABOONS & MANDRILLS
MACAQUE
RHESUS MACAQUE (RHESUS MONKEY)
BABOON (POPIO)
CHACMA BABOON (SAVANNAH, OLIVE, YELLOW,
COMMON BABOON)
MANDRILL
PROBOSCUS MONKEY
VERVET (GRIVET MONKEY, GREEN MONKEY)
15B.3. LESSER APES
GIBBON
SIAMANG
15B.4. GREAT APES
BONOBO (PIGMY CHIMPANZEE)
CHIMPANZEE
GORILLA
HUMANS (MODERN MAN)
ORANGUTAN
16. TREE SHREWS
COMMON TREE SHREW
17. THE DOG FAMILY
AFRICAN WILD DOG (AFRICAN PAINTED DOG)
COYOTE
DHOLE
DINGO
DOMESTIC DOG
FOXES
ARCTIC FOX
GREY FOX
KIT FOX
RED FOX
JACKALS
BLACK-BACKED JACKAL (SILVER-BACKED JACKAL)
SIDE-STRIPED JACKAL
WOLVES
GRAY WOLF (TIMBER WOLF)
MANED WOLF
18. THE RACOON FAMILY
COATI
RACOON
GIANT PANDA
RED PANDA
KINKAJOU
19. WEASEL FAMILY- WEASELS AND POLECATS
BLACK-FOOTED FERRET
DOMESTIC FERRET
MARTENS
PINE MARTEN
FISHER (PEKAN, VIRGINIAN POLECAT)
MINK
AMERICAN MINK
EUROPEAN MINK
SKUNK
WEASEL
WOLVERINE
OTTERS
BADGER
NORTH AMERICAN OTTER
RIVER OTTER
SEA OTTER
SMALL CLAWED OTTER
20. THE MONGOOSE FAMILY
BINTURONG
CIVET
GENET
MEERKATS
AFRICAN & ASIAN MONGOOSE
BANDED MONGOOSE
DWARF MONGOOSE
GRAY MEERKAT (SURICATE MONGOOSE)
RED MEERKAT (YELLOW MONGOOSE
21. THE HYENA FAMILY
AARDWOLF
BROWNS HYENA
SPOTTED HYENA
STRIPED HYENA
22. MARSUPIALS
AMERICAN OPOSSUM
BANDICOOTS AND BILBIES
CUSCUSES AND BRUSHTAIL POSSUMS
HONEY POSSUM
KANGAROOS AND WALLABIES
KOALA
MARSUPIAL CARNIVORES
TASMANIAN DEVIL
RINGTAILS, PYGMY POSSUMS, GLIDERS
WOMBAT
COMMON WOMBAT
23. LARGE HERBIVORES - THE UNGULATES
23A. PRIMITIVE UNGULATES
AARDVARK (ANT BEAR OR EARTH PIG) [AFRICA]
ELEPHANTS
ELEPHANT (AFRICAN)
ELEPHANT (ASIAN)
HYRAXES
ROCK HYRAX (DASSIE)
23B. THE HOOFED MAMMALS
23B.1. ODD-TOED UNGULATES
ASSES, HORSES AND ZEBRAS
BURCHELL'S ZEBRA (PLAINS ZEBRA)
GREVE'S ZEBRA-KENYA
DOMESTIC HORSE
MINIATURE HORSE
RHINOCEROSES
BLACK RHINOCEROS
INDIAN RHINOCEROS
WHITE RHINOCEROS
AFRICAN DONKEY
SARDINIAN DONKEY
TAPIR
23B.2. EVEN-TOED UNGULATES
23B.2.1. NON-RUMINANT EVEN-TOED UNGULATES
WILD PIGS AND BOARS
OLD WORLD PIGS
BABIRUSA
BUSH PIG (RED RIVER HOG)
DOMESTIC BOAR
PECCARIES (JAVELINA)
PYGMY HOG
WARTHOG
HIPPOPOTAMUS
CAMELS, LLAMAS AND ALPACAS
ALPACA
CAMELS
BACTRIAN CAMEL
DROMEDARY CAMEL
GUANACO
LLAMA
VICUNA
23B.2.2. RUMINANT EVEN-TOED UNGULATES
23B.2.2.a. WILD CATTLE
AMERICAN BISON
CAPE BUFFALO
WATER BUFFALO
YAK
23B.2.2.b. SPIRALED HORNED ANTELOPES
BONGO
BUSHBUCK
COMMON ELAND
GIANT ELAND
GREATER KUDU
MOUNTAIN NYALA
23B.2.2.c. BROWZING ANTELOPES
GIRAFFE
OKAPI
23B.2.2.d. GRAZING ANTELOPES
GNU (WHITE-TAILED GNU, BLACK WILDEBEEST)
WILDEBEEST
HARTEBEEST
IMPALA
LECHWE
PUKU
REEDBUCK
RHEBOK
TESSEBE
WATERBUCK
23B.2.2.e. HORSE-LIKE ANTELOPES
GEMSBOK (ORYX, BEISA ORYX)
ORYX
PRONGHORN ANTELOPE
ROAN ANTELOPE
SABLE ANTELOPE
SCIMITAR ORYX
TOPI
23B.2.2.f. GAZELLES AND DWARF ANTELOPES
ARGALE GOAT
DIK DIK
DOMESTIC AND WILD GOATS
GERENUK
GAZELLE
23B.2.2.g. GOAT ANTELOPES
PIGMY GOAT
SPRINGBOK (SPRINGBUCK)
STEENBOK (STEENBUCK)
BIGHORN SHEEP
CHEVROTAIN (MOUSE DEER)
DOMESTIC SHEEP
MUSK DEER
23B.2.2.h. DEER
CARIBOU (REINDEER)
DUIKER
MOOSE
MULE DEER
MUNTJAC
RED DEER
REED BUCK
SAMBAR
WAPITI (ELK)
WHITETAIL DEER
24. SMALL HERBIVORES: RODENTS
24A. SQUIRREL-LIKE RODENTS
ALPINE MARMOT
BEAVER
MOUNTAIN BEAVER
POCKET GOPHER
PRAIRIE DOG
SCALY-TAILED SQUIRRELS AND POCKET MICE
KANGAROO RAT
SPRINGHARE
SQUIRRELS
SUGAR GLIDER
24B. MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS
DORMICE
COMMON DORMOUSE (HAZEL MOUSE)
GERBIL
HAMSTERS
COMMON HAMSTER
POCKET MICE
NEW WORLD RATS AND MICE
DEER MOUSE (WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE)
WOOD RAT
OLD WORLD RATS AND MICE
COMMON RAT (NORWAY RAT, BROWN RAT)
HOUSE MOUSE
JERBOA
JUMPING MICE AND BIRCHMICE
VOLES AND LEMMINGS
MEADOW VOLE
PINE VOLE
MUSKRAT
24C. CAVY-LIKE RODENTS
CAPYBARA
CAVIES
GUINEA PIG (DOMESTIC)
GUINEA PIG (PATAGONIAN)
DEGU (SOUTH AMERICAN RAT)
PACA
NEW WORLD PORCUPINES
AFRICAN PORCUPINE
NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINE
24D. OTHER CAVY-LIKE RODENTS
AGOUTI
CHINCHILLA
24E. OLD WORLD PORCUPINES
AFRICAN MOLE-RAT
GUNDI
25. LAGOMORPHS
NORTH AMERICAN PIKA
RABBITS AND HARES
ANTELOPE JACKRABBIT
EASTERN COTTONTAIL
SNOWSHOE HARE
26. ELEPHANT-SHREW
27. INSECT-EATERS: INSECTIVORES
GOLDEN MOLE
HEDGEHOG
MOLES AND DESMANS
WESTERN MOLE
SHREW
SOLENODON
TENREC
28. EDENTATES
ANTEATER
ARMADILLO; NINE-BANDED
GIANT ARMADILLO (ONE OF THE FAIRY ARMADILLOS)
PANGOLIN
SLOTHS
THREE-TOED SLOTH
TWO-TOED SLOTH
29. BATS
BROWN BAT
OLD WORLD FRUIT BAT
VESPERTILIONID BAT
30. MONOTREMES
DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS
ECHIDNA
31. MARINE MAMMALS
31A. WHALES, PORPOISES AND DOLPHINS
31A.1. TOOTHED WHALES
BEAKED WHALE
DOLPHINS
BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN
COMMON DOLPHIN
FALSE KILLER WHALE
KILLER WHALE
PORPOISE
RIVER DOLPHIN
SPERM WHALE
WHITE WHALE
BELUGA WHALE
31A.2. BALEEN WHALES
GRAY WHALE
RIGHT WHALE
RORQUAL
HUMPBACK WHALE
31B. SEALS AND SEA LIONS
31B.1. EARED SEALS
CALIFORNIA SEA LION
HOODED SEALS
STELLAR SEA LION
NORTHERN FUR SEAL
31B.2. TRUE SEALS (HAIR SEALS)
CRABEATER SEAL
ELEPHANT SEAL
HARBOUR SEAL
WALRUS
31C. SEA COWS AND MANATEES
DUGONG
MANATEE
32. AMPHIBIANS
TORTOISE
TURTLE
33. REPTILES
CAIMAN
CROCODILE
LIZARD
CAMELEON
IGUANA
KOMODO DRAGON
MONITOR LIZARD
SNAKES
ANACONDA
VINE BOA
34. AVIAN
34A. BIRDS OF PREY
EAGLES
AFRICAN FISHING EAGLE
AMERICAN BALD EAGLE
BATELLEUR EAGLE
MARTIAL EAGLE
TAWNY EAGLE
OWLS
AFRICAN GIANT EAGLE OWL
AFRICAN PELS FISHING OWL
SPOTTED EAGLE OWL
WHITE FACED OWL
34B. SCAVANGERS
LONG-TAILED SHRIKE
MAGPIE
VULTURES
TURKEY VULTURE
WHITE-BACKED VULTURE
STORKS
MARIBOO STORK
YELLOW-BILLED STORK
OPEN-BILLED STORK
SADDLE-BILLED STORK
34C. PSITTACINE BIRDS
HORNBILLS
AFRICAN GREY HORNBILL
RED-BILLED HORNBILL
SOUTHERN GROUND HORNBILL
YELLOW-BILLED
LOVE BIRD
MACAW
34D. GROUND-NESTING BIRDS AND SHORE BIRDS
CROWNED CRANE
SAURUS CRANE
WATTLED CRANE
EGRET
QUEEN EGRET
EMU
FLAMINGO
HOODED GUINEAFOWL
HAMMERKOP
SQUACCO HERON
IBIS
KINGFISHER
KOOKABURRA
KORI BUSTARD
OSTRICH
SECRETARY BIRD
34E. AQUATIC BIRDS
BLACK CORMORANT
DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT
PELICAN
PENGUIN
34E.1. DUCKS, GEESE AND AQUATIC BIRDS
34E.1A. DUCKS AND GEESE
34E.1A.1. DUCKS
AFRICAN SPOON-BILL
DOUBLE CRESTED CORMORANT
MALLARD DUCK
COMMON MERGANSER
NORTHERN SHOVELER DUCK
RING-NECKED DUCK
WOOD DUCK
34E.2A.2. GEESE
CANADA GOOSE
EGYPTIAN GOOSE
SPUR-WINGED GOOSE
APPENDICIES
I.TAXONOMY
II.TYPES OF DENTITION
III.DENTAL FORMULAS
IV.FEEDING ADAPTATIONS
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INDEX