Functional Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals

The authors William O. Reece, DVM, PhD is University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, at Iowa State University of Science and Technology in Ames, Iowa, USA. Eric W. Rowe, DVM, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, at Iowa State University of Science and Technology in Ames, Iowa, USA.

Contributors xi

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

About the Companion Website xvii

1 Basics of Structure and Function 1

The Cell, Its Structure and Functions 1

Energy Production 4

Functions of DNA and RNA 5

Embryology 8

Tissues 11

Directional Terms and Planes 17

Body Cavities 19

2 Body Water: Properties and Functions 25

Physicochemical Properties of Solutions 25

Distribution of Body Water 33

Water Balance 35

Dehydration, Thirst, and Water Intake 37

Adaptation to Water Lack 38

3 Blood and Its Functions 42

General Characteristics 42

Leukocytes 44

Erythrocytes 51

Fate of Erythrocytes 55

Iron Metabolism 57

Anemia and Polycythemia 59

Hemostasis: Prevention of Blood Loss 59

Prevention of Blood Coagulation 67

Tests for Blood Coagulation 68

Plasma and Its Composition 69

4 Nervous System 78

Structure of the Nervous System 78

Organization of the Nervous System 82

The Nerve Impulse and Its Transmission 98

Reflexes 104

The Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 106

Central Nervous System Metabolism 111

5 The Sensory Organs 117

Classification of Sensory Receptors 117

Sensory Receptor Responses 118

Pain 119

Taste 121

Smell 123

Hearing and Equilibrium 125

Vision 134

6 Endocrine System 152

Hormones 152

Pituitary Gland 154

Thyroid Gland 157

Parathyroid Glands 160

Adrenal Glands 162

Pancreatic Gland 166

Prostaglandins and Their Functions 167

7 Bones, Joints, and Synovial Fluid 171

General Features of the Skeleton 171

Bone Structure 179

Bone Formation 184

Bone Repair 188

Joints and Synovial Fluid 189

8 Muscle 198

Classification 198

Arrangement 200

Skeletal-Muscle Harnessing 201

Microstructure of Skeletal Muscle 202

Skeletal-Muscle Contraction 206

Comparison of Contraction among Muscle Types 214

Changes in Muscle Size 216

9 The Cardiovascular System 220

Heart and Pericardium 220

Blood Vessels 225

Lymphatic System 231

Spleen 235

Cardiac Contractility 237

Electrocardiogram 240

Heart Sounds 242

Heart Rate and Its Control 243

Blood Pressure 245

Blood Flow 247

Capillary Dynamics 250

10 The Respiratory System 258

Respiratory Apparatus 258

Factors Associated with Breathing 266

Respiratory Pressures 269

Pulmonary Ventilation 271

Diffusion of Respiratory Gases 273

Oxygen Transport 275

Carbon Dioxide Transport 278

Regulation of Ventilation 280

Respiratory Clearance 285

Nonrespiratory Functions of the Respiratory System 286

Pathophysiology Terminology 287

Avian Respiration 289

11 The Urinary System 298

Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary Bladder 299

The Nephron 302

Formation of Urine 307

Glomerular Filtration 309

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 312

Countercurrent Mechanism 314

Concentration of Urine 317

Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation 321

Aldosterone 321

Other Hormones with Kidney Association 322

Micturition 324

Characteristics of Mammalian Urine 325

Renal Clearance 326

Maintenance of Acid–Base Balance 327

Avian Urinary System 331

12 Digestion and Absorption 341

Introductory Considerations 342

The Oral Cavity and Pharynx 343

The Simple Stomach 348

Intestines 350

Accessory Organs 358

Composition of Foodstuffs 362

Pregastric Mechanical Functions 365

Gastrointestinal Motility 368

Mechanical Functions of the Stomach and Small Intestine 370

Mechanical Functions of the Large Intestine 372

Digestive Secretions 373

Digestion and Absorption 379

The Ruminant Stomach 381

Characteristics of Ruminant Digestion 385

Chemistry and Microbiology of the Rumen 388

Ruminant Metabolism 390

Avian Digestion 393

13 Body Heat and Temperature Regulation 402

Body Temperature 402

Physiologic Responses to Heat 403

Physiologic Responses to Cold 407

Hibernation 408

Hypothermia and Hyperthermia 409

14 Male Reproduction 412

Testes and Associated Structures 412

Descent of the Testes 417

Accessory Sex Glands and Semen 419

Penis and Prepuce 420

Muscles of Male Genitalia 423

Blood and Nerve Supply 424

Spermatogenesis 425

Erection 430

Mounting and Intromission 431

Emission and Ejaculation 431

Factors Affecting Testicular Function 432

Reproduction in the Avian Male 432

15 Female Reproduction 438

Functional Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 438

Hormones of Female Reproduction 448

Ovarian Follicle Activity 452

Sexual Receptivity 456

Estrous Cycle and Related Factors 457

Pregnancy 462

Parturition 468

Involution of the Uterus 472

Reproduction in the Avian Female 473

16 Lactation 481

Functional Anatomy of Female Mammary Glands 481

Mammogenesis 487

Lactogenesis and Lactation 488

Composition of Milk 490

Milk Removal and Other Considerations 493

Appendix A Normal Blood Values 497

Appendix B Answers to Self Evaluation 501

Index 507