Equine Clinical Immunology

M. Julia B. Felippe, MedVet, MSc, PhD, DACVIM, is an Associate Professor of Large Animal Medicine and Veterinary Curriculum Director at Cornell Universitys College of Veterinary Medicine in Ithaca, New York, USA.

Contributors, ix Preface, xi 1 The Immune System, 1 M. Julia B. Felippe 1.1 Definition, 1 1.2 The organs of the immune system, 1 1.3 The immune cells and soluble molecules, 2 1.4 B and T cell activation in lymphoid tissues, 6 1.5 When the immune response goes wrong, 9 References, 10 2 The Immune System of the Young Horse, 11 Rebecca L. Tallmadge 2.1 Definition, 11 2.2 Equine immune system development, 11 2.3 Unique susceptibilities and disorders of young horses, 16 2.4 Vaccinology teaches about neonatal immunity, 18 References, 18 3 The Immune System of the Older Horse, 23 Amanda A. Adams and David W. Horohov 3.1 Definition, 23 3.2 Clinical conditions associated with aging, 23 3.3 Immunosenescence and vaccination, 23 3.4 Nutrition in enhancing immunity in the old horse, 26 3.5 Conclusion, 27 References, 27 4 Anaphylaxis, 31 Rolfe M. Radcliffe 4.1 Definition, 31 4.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 31 4.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 32 4.4 Diagnostics, 33 4.5 Treatment, 34 4.6 Prevention, 36 4.7 Prognosis and clinical outcomes, 37 References, 37 5 Allergy, 39 Bettina Wagner 5.1 Definition, 39 5.2 Culicoides hypersensitivity, 39 5.3 Urticaria, 43 5.4 Recurrent airway obstruction, 44 References, 44 6 Immune-Mediated Cytopenias, 47 Thomas J. Divers 6.1 Definition, 47 6.2 Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, 47 6.3 Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, 50 6.4 Immune-mediated neutropenia, 53 References, 54 7 Bullous Diseases of the Skin and Mucosa, 55 Jeanine Peters-Kennedy and Rebecca E. Ruby 7.1 Definition, 55 7.2 Immune-mediated bullous dermatoses, 55 7.3 Pemphigus complex, 57 7.4 Cutaneous adverse drug reactions, 61 7.5 Erythema multiforme, 62 7.6 Lupus erythematosus, 64 References, 65 8 Serum Sickness, 69 Lais R.R. Costa 8.1 Definition, 69 8.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 69 8.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 69 8.4 Diagnostics, 71 8.5 Treatment and prevention, 71 References, 72 9 Vasculitis, 73 James S. W. Prutton and Nicola Pusterla 9.1 Definition, 73 9.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 73 9.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 73 9.4 Diagnostics, 75 9.5 Treatment, 75 9.6 Thrombophlebitis, 75 9.7 Pastern and cannon leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 76 9.8 Drug-induced vasculitis, 76 9.9 Photo-activated vasculitis (photodynamic drugs), 77 9.10 Strongylus vulgaris, 77 9.11 Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis, 77 9.12 Equine viral arteritis, 78 9.13 Equine herpesvirus-1, 78 9.14 African horse sickness, 78 References, 79 10 Purpura Hemorrhagica, 83 Laszlo M. Hunyadi and Nicola Pusterla 10.1 Definition, 83 10.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 83 10.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 83 10.4 Diagnostics, 84 10.5 Treatment and prevention, 85 References, 86 11 Glomerulonephritis, 87 M. Julia B. Felippe 11.1 Definition, 87 11.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 87 11.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 87 11.4 Diagnostics, 88 11.5 Treatment and prognosis, 88 References, 88 12 Inflammatory and Immune-Mediated Muscle Disorders, 91 Sian Durward-Akhurst and Stephanie J. Valberg 12.1 Definition, 91 12.2 Infarctive purpura hemorrhagica, 91 12.3 Rhabdomyolysis associated with Streptococcus equi, 93 12.4 Immune-mediated myositis in Quarter Horse-related breeds, 94 12.5 Systemic calcinosis, 96 12.6 Uncharacterized immune-mediated and inflammatory myopathies, 97 12.7 Sarcocystis myositis, 97 References, 98 13 Granulomatous Diseases, 101 Lais R.R. Costa 13.1 Definition, 101 13.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 101 13.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 101 13.4 Diagnostics, 104 13.5 Treatment and prevention, 105 13.6 Types of cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, 105 References, 110 14 Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 113 Gillian A. Perkins 14.1 Definition, 113 14.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 113 14.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 113 14.4 Diagnostics, 115 14.5 Treatment and prognosis, 116 References, 117 15 Recurrent Uveitis, 121 Brian C. Gilger 15.1 Definition, 121 15.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 121 15.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 121 15.4 Diagnostics, 123 15.5 Treatment and prevention, 124 15.6 Prognosis and clinical outcomes, 124 References, 125 16 Recurrent Airway Obstruction and Summer Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 127 Michela Bullone and Jean-Pierre Lavoie 16.1 Definition, 127 16.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 127 16.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 128 16.4 Diagnostics, 134 16.5 Treatments and prevention, 136 References, 137 17 Inflammatory Airway Disease, 145 Mathilde Leclere and Jean-Pierre Lavoie 17.1 Definition, 145 17.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 145 17.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 145 17.4 Types of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid inflammation and cytokine profile, 147 17.5 Links between IAD and heaves, 148 17.6 Links between IAD and EIPH, 148 17.7 Diagnostics, 148 17.8 Treatment and prevention, 149 17.9 Prognosis and clinical outcomes, 150 References, 150 18 Inflammation, Endotoxemia and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, 153 Erin L. McConachie and Kelsey A. Hart 18.1 Definition, 153 18.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 154 18.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 155 18.4 Multi-systemic response triggered by inflammatory mediators, 157 18.5 Diagnostics, 160 18.6 Treatment, 162 18.7 Prognosis and clinical outcome, 166 References, 166 19 Leukemia, 173 Tracy Stokol 19.1 Definition, 173 19.2 Classification of leukemias, 173 19.3 Specialized diagnostic techniques for leukemia, 173 19.4 Chronic leukemia, 175 19.5 Acute leukemia, 177 References, 179 20 Lymphoma, 181 SallyAnne L. Ness 20.1 Definition, 181 20.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 181 20.3 Forms of equine lymphoma, 182 20.4 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 183 20.5 Diagnostics, 183 20.6 Classification of lymphomas, 185 20.7 Prognosis and treatment, 186 20.8 Monitoring, 189 References, 189 21 Immunodeficiencies, 193 M. Julia B. Felippe 21.1 Definition, 193 21.2 Classification of immunodeficiencies, 194 References, 202 22 Immunologic Testing, 205 M. Julia B. Felippe 22.1 Definition, 205 22.2 Types of immunologic testing, 205 References, 211 23 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatories, 213 Michelle H. Barton 23.1 Definition, 213 23.2 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 213 References, 228 24 Immunosuppressive Therapy, 237 M. Julia B. Felippe 24.1 Definition, 237 24.2 Types of immunosuppressive drugs, 237 References, 240 25 Immunomodulators, 243 Elizabeth G. Davis 25.1 Definition, 243 25.2 Immunologic mechanisms, 243 25.3 Commercially available immunostimulants for use in horses, 244 References, 249 26 Immunoglobulin Therapy, 251 Elizabeth G. Davis 26.1 Definition, 251 26.2 Immunologic mechanisms, 251 References, 254 27 Plasmapheresis, 257 Nathan M. Slovis 27.1 Definition, 257 27.2 Methods for preparing plasma products, 257 27.3 Apheresis, 258 27.4 Therapeutic plasmapheresis, 258 27.5 Complications of therapeutic plasmapheresis, 260 References, 260 28 Principles of Vaccination, 263 Noah D. Cohen and Angela I. Bordin 28.1 Definition, 263 28.2 Efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines, 263 28.3 Safety of vaccines, 271 28.4 Key knowledge-gaps in equine vaccinology, 273 28.5 Protocols for vaccination, 275 References, 276 29 Types of Vaccines, 279 Angela I. Bordin and Noah D. Cohen 29.1 Definition, 279 29.2 Immunologic mechanisms, 279 29.3 Immune responses to vaccination, 282 29.4 Routes of vaccination, 284 29.5 Adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems, 285 29.6 Important diseases with unavailable effective vaccines, 285 References, 286 30 Transplantation Immunology, 289 Rebecca L. Tallmadge 30.1 Definition, 289 30.2 Equine MHC genes: genomic organization and variation, 289 30.3 Determining equine MHC haplotypes, 290 30.4 Immunosuppression and engraftment, 291 30.5 Graft rejection, 292 30.6 Current transplantation applications, 293 References, 294 31 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy, 297 Gerlinde R. Van de Walle, Catharina De Schauwer and Lisa A. Fortier 31.1 Definition, 297 31.2 Regenerative functions of mesenchymal stem cells, 297 31.3 Immunologic mechanisms and associations, 298 31.4 Sources of equine mesenchymal stem cells, 299 31.5 Characterization of equine mesenchymal stem cells, 300 31.6 Applications of equine mesenchymal stem cells in equine regenerative medicine, 302 References, 306 32 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 311 M. Julia B. Felippe 32.1 Definition, 311 32.2 Hematopoietic stem cell sources, 311 32.3 Pre-transplantation conditioning, 313 32.4 Post-transplantation immunosuppression, 313 32.5 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the horse, 313 References, 315 Index, 317