Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology (eBook)

Front cover 1
PageBurst 2
Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology 3
Copyright page 6
Dedication 7
Contributors 8
Preface 9
References 9
Table of Contents 11
1 Structure and Function of the Skin 13
General Functions and Properties of the Skin 13
Ontogeny 13
Gross Anatomy and Physiology 15
Hair 15
Hair Cycle 16
Hair Colors and Types 18
Dog 18
Normal Coat 18
Short Coat 18
Long Coat 18
Coat Color 18
Cat 19
Voight Lines, Blaschko Lines, and Tension Lines 19
Footpads 20
Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology 20
Epidermis 20
Basal Layer 20
Spinous Layer 22
Granular Layer 23
Clear Layer 24
Horny Layer 24
Epidermopoiesis and Keratogenesis 25
Epidermal Lipids 26
Melanocytes and Melanogenesis 27
Merkel Cells 30
Langerhans Cells 31
Epidermal Histochemistry 32
Basement Membrane Zone 32
Dermis 32
Dermal Fibers 33
Dermal Ground Substance 35
Dermal Cellular Elements 35
Hair Follicles 36
Sebaceous Glands 39
Sweat Glands 41
Epitrichial Sweat Glands 41
Atrichial Sweat Glands 41
Sweating and Thermoregulation 41
Mechanisms to Conserve Heat 41
Mechanisms to Dissipate Heat 42
Specialized Glands 42
Arrector Pili Muscles 42
Blood Vessels 42
Lymph Vessels 43
Nerves 44
Overview of Cutaneous Sensation 45
Pruritus 46
Subcutis 48
The Skin Immune System* 48
Innate Immune Responses in the Skin 50
The Epidermal Barrier 50
Innate Attack Mechanisms 51
Complement Activation 51
Recruitment and Activation of Phagocytic Cells 51
Recruitment of Eosinophils 52
Activation of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cells 52
Activation of Mast Cells 52
Production of Cytokines and Chemokines 53
Adaptive Immune Responses 53
Antigens and Antigen Recognition 53
Antigen Presentation 56
The Major Histocompatibility Complex 56
Antigen Presentation to T Cells 56
Activation of T Cells 57
Helper T-Cell Responses 57
B-Cell Activation and Antibody Production 58
Immunity and Inflammation 59
Cutaneous Ecology 59
Senility 61
References 61
2 Diagnostic Methods 69
The Systematic Approach 69
Records 69
History 69
Owner’s Chief Complaint 69
Age 69
Breed 69
Sex 69
Color 69
Medical History 70
Physical Examination 78
General Observations 78
Lesion Distribution 78
Dermatologic Examination 78
Morphology of Skin Lesions 81
Primary Lesions (See Table 2-5) 82
Lesions That May Be Primary or Secondary (See Table 2-6) 82
Secondary Lesions (See Table 2-7) 82
Configuration of Lesions 85
Different Stages 86
Problem List and Differential Diagnosis 88
Developing A Diagnostic or Therapeutic Plan 88
Laboratory Procedures 90
Surface Sampling 90
Skin Scraping 90
Demodectic Mites 91
Canine Scabies Mites 92
Feline Scabies Mites 92
Cheyletiella Mites 92
Chigger Mites 92
Poultry Mites 92
Cat Fur Mites 92
Ear Mites 92
Acetate Tape Impressions for Ectoparasite Identification 93
Flea Comb and Flotation for Ectoparasite Identification 93
Skin Debris Examination for Ectoparasite Identification 93
Hair Examination (Trichography) 93
Cytologic Examination 93
Specimen Collection 93
Stains 96
Cytologic Findings 96
Examination for Fungi 98
Examination for Dermatophytes 99
WOOD’s Lamp Examination 99
Specimen Collection 100
Direct Examination of Hairs 101
Fungal Culture 101
Identification of Fungi 102
Microsporum canis 103
Colony Morphology 103
Microscopic Morphology 103
Diagnostic Criteria 103
Microsporum gypseum 103
Colony Morphology 103
Microscopic Morphology 103
Diagnostic Criteria 103
Trichophyton mentagrophytes 103
Colony Morphology 103
Microscopic Morphology 103
Diagnostic Criteria 103
Examination for Bacteria 103
Allergy Testing 104
Biopsy and Dermatohistopathologic Examination 104
When to Biopsy 104
What to Biopsy 104
Instruments Required 105
How to Biopsy 105
Complications of Skin Biopsy 106
What to Do with the Biopsy Specimen 106
Artifacts 106
The Vocabulary of Dermatohistopathology 107
Therapeutic Trials 107
Problem-Based Differential Diagnoses and Diagnostic Approaches 111
Pruritus 111
Papular, Vesicular, and Pustular Dermatoses 112
Erosive and Ulcerative Dermatoses 113
Nodular Dermatoses 113
Dermatoses with Draining Tracts or Sinuses 113
Crusting and Scaling Dermatoses (Seborrhea, Keratinization Disorders) 115
Pigmentary Disorders 116
Alopecic Disorders 117
Pododermatitis 118
Summary 119
References 119
3 Dermatologic Therapy 120
Care of Normal Skin and Haircoat 120
Basic Nutrition and the Skin 120
Normal Shedding 122
Routine Grooming Care 122
Cleaning the Skin 122
Preparation for Bathing 122
Haircoat Care Products 123
Shampoos 123
Conditioners 123
Oil Rinses 123
Bathing 123
Special Grooming Problems 124
Mats 124
Tar or Paint 124
Gum 124
Clipping 124
Grooming Cats 125
Grooming Needs of Various Feline Coat Types 125
Special Feline Grooming Problems 125
Client Compliance 125
Topical Therapy 126
Factors That Influence Drug Effects on the Skin 126
Hydrotherapy 128
Topical Formulations 129
Shampoos 129
Rinses 131
Powders 132
Lotions 132
Liquid Aqueous and Organic Spot-on Formulations 132
Sprays 132
Creams, Emulsions, and Ointments 132
Gels 133
Transdermal Gels 133
Topical Active Agents 134
Astringents 134
Emollients and Moisturizers 134
Antiseborrheics 134
Antipruritics 135
Topical Antimicrobial Agents 136
Alcohols 136
Propylene Glycol 136
Phenols and Cresols 136
Chlorhexidine 136
Miconazole 137
Halogenated Agents 137
Iodine 137
Sodium Hypochlorite and Chloramines 137
Stannous Fluoride 137
Acetic Acid, Boric Acid, and Malic Acid 137
Oxidizing Agents 138
Phytosphingosine 138
Nisin 138
Surface-Acting Agents 138
Mupirocin 139
Topical Antiinflammatory Agents 139
Topical Glucocorticoids 139
Topical Immunomodulating Agents 141
Tacrolimus 141
Pimecrolimus 143
Imiquimod 143
Miscellaneous Topical Agents 143
Sulfur 143
Vitamin A Acid 143
Zinc 144
Urea 144
a-Hydroxyacids 2% TO 10% 144
Ethyl Lactate 144
Fatty Acids 144
Propylene Glycol 145
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) 145
Aloe Vera 145
Melaleuca Oil 145
Topical Sunscreens 146
Physical Therapy 146
Photochemotherapy 146
Hyperthermia 147
Radiation Therapy 147
Systemic Therapies 147
Antiinflammatory Agents 147
Fatty Acids 148
Pentoxifylline 150
Synthetic Retinoids 151
Cyclosporine 153
Glucocorticoid Hormones 156
Indications 158
Administration 158
Choosing A Glucocorticoid 159
Therapeutic Dosage 160
Regimen 161
Side Effects 162
Evaluation and Monitoring 164
Interferons 165
Melatonin 166
Oral Sunscreens 167
Skin Surgery 167
Cold Steel Surgery 168
Cryosurgery 168
Basic Principles 168
Advantages 169
Disadvantages 169
Freezing Agents 169
Cryosurgical Units 169
Dermatologic Indications 169
Tumors 170
Oral Cavity 170
Anal Area 170
Acral Lick Dermatitis 170
Multiple Perianal Fistulae 170
Laser Surgery 170
Electrosurgery 172
Mechanisms and Instrumentations 173
Techniques 174
Cutting (Electroincision) 174
Cutting Without Coagulation 174
Desiccation 174
Coagulation 174
Fulguration 174
Electrolysis 174
Radiosurgery 174
Alternative Therapies 174
Acupuncture 175
Holistic Medicine (Herbal Medicine, Homeopathy) 175
Gene Therapy 177
Stem Cell Therapy 178
Wound Healing and Repair 178
Building Blocks of Wound Healing 179
Phases of Wound Healing 179
Coagulation and Inflammation 179
Proliferation and Tissue Formation 181
Fibroplasia 181
Epithelialization 181
Neovascularization 181
Tissue Remodeling/Scar Formation 182
Wound Contraction 182
Remodeling 182
Clinical Approach to A Wound 182
Wound Dressings 182
Moist Wound Healing 183
Skin Grafts 183
Oxygen Use in Wound Healing 184
References 185
4 Bacterial Skin Diseases 196
Cutaneous Bacteriology and Normal Defense Mechanisms 196
Resident Organisms 196
Transient Organisms 197
Skin Infections 198
Immunodeficiencies 198
Treatment of Skin Infections 199
Topical Treatment 199
Systemic Antibiotics 200
Management of Chronic Recurrent Skin Infections 203
Surface Bacterial Infections 204
Superficial Bacterial Infections (Superficial Pyodermas) 205
Impetigo 205
Cause and Pathogenesis 205
Clinical Features 205
Clinical Management 205
Mucocutaneous Pyoderma 206
Clinical Features 206
Diagnosis 206
Clinical Management 206
Superficial Bacterial Folliculitis 206
Cause and Pathogenesis 206
Clinical Features 206
Diagnosis 207
Clinical Management 207
Dermatophilosis 207
Cause and Pathogenesis 207
Clinical Features 209
Diagnosis 210
Clinical Management 210
Deep Bacterial Infections (Deep Pyodermas) 210
Deep Folliculitis, Furunculosis, and Cellulitis 210
Cause and Pathogenesis 210
Clinical Features 211
Clinical Management 212
Pyotraumatic Folliculitis and Furunculosis 212
Nasal Folliculitis and Furunculosis 212
Muzzle Folliculitis and Furunculosis 213
Pedal Folliculitis and Furunculosis 213
Cause and Pathogenesis 214
Clinical Features 214
Diagnosis 214
Clinical Management 214
German Shepherd Dog Folliculitis, Furunculosis, and Cellulitis 215
Cause and Pathogenesis 215
Clinical Features 216
Diagnosis 216
Clinical Management 216
Acral Lick Furunculosis 217
Clinical Features 217
Diagnosis 217
Clinical Management 217
Aerobic Cellulitis 217
Anaerobic Cellulitis 218
Subcutaneous Abscesses 218
Bacterial Pseudomycetoma 219
Mycobacterial Infections 219
Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium Bovis, and Mycobacterium Microti 220
Clinical Features 220
Diagnosis 221
Tuberculosis: M. Avium 221
Clinical Features 221
Diagnosis 221
Clinical Management of Tuberculosis 221
Feline Leprosy Syndromes 221
Clinical Features 221
Clinical Management 222
Canine Leproid Granuloma Syndromes 222
Cause and Pathogenesis 222
Clinical Features 222
Diagnosis 222
Clinical Management 223
Infections by Rapidly-Growing Mycobacteria 223
Cause and Pathogenesis 223
Clinical Features 223
Diagnosis 224
Clinical Management 224
Actinomycosis 224
Actinobacillosis 225
Nocardiosis 226
Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections 226
Streptococcal and Staphylococcal Toxic Shock and Necrotizing Fasciitis 226
Brucellosis 227
Plague 227
Lyme Borreliosis 228
Trichomycosis Axillaris 228
Mycoplasma Infections 228
L-Form Infections 228
Listeriosis 228
Melioidosis 229
Pseudopyodermas 229
References 229
5 Fungal and Algal Skin Diseases 235
General Characteristics of Fungi 235
Taxonomy and Nomenclature 235
Normal Fungal Flora 236
Fungal Pathogens 237
Laboratory Diagnosis 237
Antifungal Therapy 237
Topical Therapies 237
Spot Treatments 237
Shampoos 238
Rinses 238
Systemic Therapies 238
Griseofulvin 238
Class 238
Action 238
Pharmacokinetics 238
Indications 239
Contraindications 239
Dosage 239
Side Effects 239
Monitoring 239
Additional Information 239
Azole Derivatives 239
Ketoconazole (KCZ) 239
Class 239
Action 239
Pharmacokinetics 239
Indications 239
Contraindications 239
Dosage 240
Side Effects 240
Monitoring 240
Additional Information 240
Itraconazole 240
Class 240
Action 240
Pharmacokinetics 240
Indications 240
Contraindications 240
Dosage 240
Side Effects 240
Monitoring 240
Additional Information 240
Fluconazole (FCZ) 240
Class 240
Action 240
Pharmacokinetics 240
Indications 240
Contraindications 240
Dosage 240
Side Effects 241
Monitoring 241
Additional Information 241
Terbinafine 241
Class 241
Action 241
Pharmacokinetics 241
Indications 241
Contraindications 241
Dosage 241
Side Effects 241
Monitoring 241
Additional Information 241
Flucytosine 241
Class 241
Action 241
Pharmacokinetics 241
Indications 241
Contraindications 241
Dosage 241
Side Effects 241
Monitoring 241
Additional Information 241
Amphotericin B (AMB) and Other Polyenes 241
Class 241
Action 241
Pharmacokinetics 241
Indications 242
Contraindications 242
Dosage 242
Side Effects 242
Monitoring 242
Additional Information 242
Iodides 242
Class 242
Action 242
Pharmacokinetics 242
Indications 242
Contraindications 242
Dosage 242
Side Effects 242
Monitoring 242
Additional Information 242
Inhibitors of Chitin Synthesis and Cell Wall Synthesis 242
Lufenuron 242
Class 242
Action 242
Pharmacokinetics 242
Indications 242
Contraindications 242
Dosage 242
Side Effects 242
Monitoring 242
Additional Information 242
Caspofungin 243
Class 243
Action 243
Pharmacokinetics 243
Indications 243
Contraindications 243
Dosage 243
Side Effects 243
Monitoring 243
Additional Information 243
Immunotherapy for Fungal Infections 243
Superficial Mycoses 243
Dermatophytosis 243
Cause and Pathogenesis 243
Clinical Findings 245
Dog 246
Cat 247
Zoonotic and Public Health Aspects 248
Diagnosis 250
Clinical Management 251
Topical Therapy 251
Systemic Therapy 252
Environmental Control 253
Duration of Treatment 254
Vaccination 254
Management of Catteries and Multiple-Cat Households 254
Specific Recommendations for Treatment of Infected Catteries 254
Treatment of Entire Cattery 254
Treatment of Kittens Only 255
Monitoring Response to Therapy 255
Preventive Measures 255
Malassezia Dermatitis 255
Cause and Pathogenesis 255
Clinical Findings 256
Dogs 256
Cats 258
Zoonotic Aspects 259
Diagnosis 259
Clinical Management 260
Subcutaneous Mycoses 261
Sporotrichosis 261
Cause and Pathogenesis 261
Clinical Findings 262
Dog 262
Cat 263
Zoonotic Aspects 263
Diagnosis 263
Clinical Management 264
Dog 264
Cat 264
Eumycotic Mycetoma 264
Cause and Pathogenesis 264
Clinical Findings 265
Diagnosis 265
Clinical Management 265
Chromomycosis (Phaeohyphomycosis and Chromoblastomycosis) 265
Cause and Pathogenesis 265
Clinical Features 266
Dog 266
Cat 266
Diagnosis 266
Clinical Management 267
Hyalohyphomycosis 267
Cause and Pathogenesis 267
Clinical Findings 267
Diagnosis 267
Clinical Management 268
Zygomycosis 268
Cause and Pathogenesis 268
Clinical Findings 268
Diagnosis 268
Clinical Management 269
Pythiosis 269
Cause and Pathogenesis 269
Clinical Findings 269
Dog 269
Cat 269
Diagnosis 270
Clinical Management 271
Lagenidiosis 271
Cause and Pathogenesis 271
Clinical Findings 271
Diagnosis 271
Clinical Management 271
Systemic Mycoses 271
Blastomycosis (Gilchrist Disease, Chicago Disease) 271
Cause and Pathogenesis 271
Clinical Findings 272
Dog 272
Cat 272
Diagnosis 272
Clinical Management 273
Public Health Considerations 273
Coccidiomycosis (Valley Fever, San Joaquin Valley Fever) 273
Cause and Pathogenesis 273
Clinical Findings 274
Dog 274
Cat 274
Diagnosis 274
Clinical Management 274
Cryptococcosis (Torulosis, European Blastomycosis) 274
Cause and Pathogenesis 274
Clinical Findings 275
Dog 275
Cat 275
Diagnosis 275
Clinical Management 276
Histoplasmosis (North American Histoplasmosis) 277
Cause and Pathogenesis 277
Clinical Findings 277
Dog 277
Cat 278
Diagnosis 278
Clinical Management 278
Miscellaneous Mycoses 279
Candidiasis 279
Cause and Pathogenesis 279
Clinical Findings 279
Dog 279
Cat 279
Diagnosis 279
Clinical Management 280
Piedra 280
Cause and Pathogenesis 280
Clinical Findings 280
Diagnosis 280
Clinical Management 280
Rhinosporidiosis 281
Cause and Pathogenesis 281
Clinical Findings 281
Diagnosis 281
Clinical Management 281
Rhodotorula Dermatitis 281
Cause and Pathogenesis 281
Clinical Findings 281
Diagnosis 281
Clinical Management 282
Aspergillus Dermatitis 282
Cause and Pathogenesis 282
Clinical Findings 282
Diagnosis 282
Clinical Management 283
Alternaria Dermatitis 283
Cause and Pathogenesis 283
Clinical Findings 283
Diagnosis 283
Clinical Management 283
Trichosporum Dermatitis 283
Cause and Pathogenesis 283
Clinical Findings 283
Diagnosis 284
Clinical Management 284
Protothecosis 284
Cause and Pathogenesis 284
Clinical Findings 284
Dog 284
Cat 284
Diagnosis 284
Clinical Management 285
References 285
General Taxonomy, Terminology, Epidemiology, Identification and Diagnosis 285
Antifungal Therapy 285
Dermatophytosis 287
Malassezia Dermatitis 288
Sporotrichosis 290
Eumycotic Mycetoma 290
Chromomycosis (Phaeohyphomycosis and Chromoblastomycosis) 290
Hyalohyphomycosis (Paecilomycosis and Geotrichiosis) 291
Zygomycosis 291
Pythiosis and Lagenidiosis 291
Blastomycosis 291
Coccidioidomycosis 292
Cryptococcosis 293
Histoplasmosis 294
Candidiasis 295
Piedra 295
Rhinosporidiosis 295
Rhodotorula Dermatitis 295
Aspergillus Dermatitis 295
Alternaria Dermatitis 295
Protothecosis 295
6 Parasitic Skin Disease 296
Antiparasitic Agents 296
Topical Treatments 296
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 297
Cholinesterase Inhibitors 297
Carbamates 297
Organophosphates 297
Dinotefuran 297
d-Limonene 297
Fipronil 297
Formamidines 297
Insect Growth Regulators 297
Imidacloprid 297
Metaflumizone 298
Pyrethrins 298
Pyriprole 298
Pyrethroids 298
Repellents 298
Rotenone 298
Spinetoram 298
Sulfur 298
Systemic Antiparasitic Agents 298
Systemic Organophosphates 299
Systemic Endectocides 299
Ivermectin 299
Milbemycin 300
Moxidectin 300
Doramectin 300
Selamectin 300
Insect Development Inhibitors 300
Neonicotinoids 300
Spinosad 300
Helminth Parasites 300
Ancylostoma and Uncinaria (Hookworm) Dermatitis 300
Pelodera Dermatitis 302
Strongyloides Stercoralis-Like Infection 302
Anatrichosomiasis 303
Schistosomiasis 303
Dracunculiasis 303
Dirofilariasis 304
Other Filarial Infections 304
Mammomonogamus Infection 305
Miscellaneous Helminthic Infections 305
Arthropod Parasites 306
Arachnids 306
Parasitic Ticks 306
Argasid (Soft) Ticks 306
Spinous Ear Tick 306
Ixodid (Hard) Ticks 306
Common Species of Ixodid Ticks Affecting Dogs and Cats 307
Other Ticks That May Affect Dogs and Cats 307
Damage From Ticks 307
Treatment and Control of Ticks 307
Parasitic Mites 308
Dermanyssus Gallinae 308
Lynxacarus Radovsky 308
Trombiculosis 309
Eutrombicula (Trombicula) Alfreddugesi (North American Chigger) and Neotrombicula (Trombicula) Autumnalis 309
Walchia Americana 309
Straelensia Cynotis 310
Otodectes Cynotis 310
Pneumonyssoides Caninum 312
Environmental Mites 312
Cheyletiellosis 312
Cause and Pathogenesis 312
Diagnosis 315
Treatment 315
Canine Demodicosis 316
Cause and Pathogenesis 316
Parasite 316
Transmission 316
Types of Demodicosis 317
Nonspecific Immunity 318
Humoral Immunity 318
Cellular Immunity 318
Clinical Features 319
Localized Demodicosis 319
Generalized Demodicosis 319
Demodectic Pododermatitis 321
Diagnosis 321
Histopathology 322
Differential Diagnosis 322
Clinical Management 322
Localized Demodicosis 322
Generalized Demodicosis 322
Feline Demodicosis 325
Canine Scabies 327
Cause and Pathogenesis 327
Clinical Features 327
Diagnosis 329
Treatment 330
Feline Scabies 331
Cause and Pathogenesis 331
Clinical Features 331
Diagnosis 331
Treatment 332
Spiders 332
Insects 332
Pediculosis 332
Cause and Pathogenesis 332
Anoplura 333
Mallophaga 333
Clinical Features 333
Diagnosis 334
Treatment 334
Fleas 334
Flea Control 336
External Environment 337
Internal Environment 337
Animal 338
Spot-Application Products 339
Flea Collars 340
Flea Shampoos 340
Systemic Flea Products 340
Liquid Products 341
Diptera (Flies) 341
Fly Dermatitis 341
Mosquito Dermatitis 342
Myiasis 343
Cuterebra Species Infestation 343
Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, and Hornets) 344
Ants 345
Caterpillars 345
References 345
General 345
Antiparasitic Treatments 345
Hookworm Dermatitis 346
Pelodera Dermatitis 346
Strongyloides stercoralis-like Infection 346
Anatrichosomiasis 346
Schistosomiasis 346
Dracunculiasis 346
Dirofilariasis 346
Other Filarial Infections 347
Miscellaneous Helminthic Infections 347
Parasitic Ticks 347
Parasitic Mites 347
Dermanyssus Gallinae 347
Lynxacarus Radovsky 348
Trombiculiasis 348
Straelensia Cynotis 348
Otodectes Cynotis 348
Pneumonyssoides Caninum 348
Environmental Mites 348
Cheyletiellosis 348
Canine Demodicosis 349
Feline Demodicosis 350
Canine Scabies 351
Feline Scabies 351
Spiders 351
Insects 351
Pediculosis 351
Fleas 351
Fly Dermatitis 353
Mosquito Dermatitis 353
Myiasis 353
Cuterebra Species Infestation 354
Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, and Hornets) 354
Canine Facial Eosinophilic Folliculitis and Furunculosis 354
Ants 354
Caterpillars 354
7 Viral, Rickettsial, and Protozoal Skin Diseases 355
Viral Diseases 355
Feline Leukemia Virus Infection 355
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 355
Feline Sarcoma Virus Infection 355
Feline Poxvirus Infections 356
Feline Infectious Peritonitis 357
Canine Distemper 358
Contagious Viral Pustular Dermatitis 358
Pseudorabies 358
Mumps 359
Feline Rhinotracheitis Infection 359
Feline Calicivirus Infection 360
Canine Papillomavirus Infection 361
Feline Papillomavirus Infection 362
Neoplasia 363
Rickettsial Diseases 363
Canine Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 363
Canine Ehrlichiosis 364
Feline Hemotrophic Mycoplasmosis 364
Protozoal Diseases 364
Toxoplasmosis 364
Canine Caryosporosis 365
Canine Neosporosis 365
Canine Sarcocystosis 365
Canine Babesiosis 366
Leishmaniasis 366
Cytology 368
Histopathology 368
Culture 368
Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay 368
Xenodiagnosis 368
Serologic Methods 368
References 369
Viral Diseases 369
Rickettsial Diseases 371
Protozoal Diseases 372
8 Hypersensitivity Disorders 375
Urticaria and Angioedema 375
Causes and Pathogenesis 375
Clinical Features 375
Diagnosis 375
Histopathology 376
Clinical Management 376
Atopic Disease 376
Canine Atopic Dermatitis 377
Definition 377
Atopic Dermatitis and Atopic-Like Dermatitis 377
Incidence and Prevalence 377
Pathogenesis 377
Genetic Factors 377
Barrier Function 378
Immunologic Aberrations 379
Humoral Changes 379
T Cells, Cytokines, Chemokines 379
Role of Miscellaneous Inflammatory Mediators 380
Role of Allergens 381
Environmental Allergens and Route of Exposure 381
Food Allergens 381
Self-Antigens 382
Bacterial Antigens and Toxins 382
Yeast Antigens 382
Other Factors Playing A Role in the Pathogenesis of Canine AD 383
Clinical Course and Symptoms 383
Diagnosis 384
Allergy Testing 385
Intradermal Skin Testing 385
Effects of Drugs on Intradermal Skin Testing 388
Other Factors That Could Affect Skin Test Reactivity 389
Procedure for Intradermal Allergy Testing 390
Serology Testing 391
Histopathology 392
Treatment 392
Topical Therapy 394
Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy 395
Other Forms of “immunotherapy” 398
Systemic Antipruritic Agents 398
General Guidelines for Treatment 399
Miscellaneous Treatments 400
Feline Atopic Dermatitis 400
Cause and Pathogenesis 400
Clinical Features 401
Diagnosis 402
Intradermal Skin Testing 402
Procedure 402
Serum in Vitro Testing 403
Histopathology 403
Treatment 403
Contact Hypersensitivity (Allergic Contact Dermatitis) 404
Cause and Pathogenesis 404
Clinical Presentation 405
Diagnosis 407
Histopathology 409
Clinical Management 409
Food Hypersensitivity 409
Cause and Pathogenesis 409
Food Allergens 410
Clinical Disease in Dogs 412
Diagnosis of Canine Adverse Food Reactions 412
Histopathology 415
Clinical Management of Adverse Food Reactions in Dogs 415
Feline Food Hypersensitivity 416
Cause and Pathogenesis 416
Clinical Features 416
Diagnosis 417
Histopathology 417
Clinical Management 417
Canine Fleabite Hypersensitivity 417
Cause and Pathogenesis 417
Clinical Features 419
Diagnosis 420
Intradermal Skin Testing and Serology Testing 420
Histopathology 420
Clinical Management 420
Feline Fleabite Hypersensitivity 422
Cause and Pathogenesis 422
Clinical Features 422
Diagnosis 423
Histopathology 424
Clinical Management 424
Tick Bite Hypersensitivity 424
Feline Mosquito Hypersensitivity 424
Cause and Pathogenesis 425
Clinical Features 425
Diagnosis 425
Histopathology 425
Clinical Management 425
Insect and Arachnid Hypersensitivity and Bites 426
Cause and Pathogenesis 426
Clinical Signs 426
Histopathology 427
Diagnosis 427
Treatment 427
Storage Mite Hypersensitivity 427
Otodectic Hypersensitivity 428
Canine Eosinophilic Furunculosis 428
Causes and Pathogenesis 428
Clinical Signs 428
Diagnosis 428
Histopathology 429
Clinical Management 429
Intestinal Parasite Hypersensitivity 429
Straelensia Cynotis–induced Dermatitis 429
Dirofilariasis 429
Filarioidea Dermatitis 429
Hormonal Hypersensitivity 429
Bacterial Hypersensitivity 430
Fungal Hypersensitivity 431
References 431
9 Autoimmune and Immune-Mediated Dermatoses 444
Diagnosis of Autoimmune and Immune-Mediated Skin Disease 444
Clinical Management of Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases 446
Phases of Treatment of Immune-Mediated Dermatoses 446
Induction Phase 446
Transition Phase 447
Maintenance Phase 447
Determining Cures 447
Drugs for Immune-Mediated Dermatoses 447
Azathioprine 447
Chlorambucil 449
Colchicine 449
Cyclophosphamide 449
Mycophenolate Mofetil 449
Tetracycline and Niacinamide 450
Autoimmune Diseases 450
The Pemphigus Complex 450
Autoimmunity in Pemphigus 450
Role of Autoantibodies in Disease Pathogenesis 451
Autoantibody Specificity in Canine Pemphigus 451
Pathogenicity of Sera From Dogs with Pemphigus 452
Role of Drugs in Canine and Feline Pemphigus 452
Canine Pemphigus Foliaceus 452
Clinical Signs 453
Diagnosis 453
Treatment 456
Prognosis 457
Pemphigus Vulgaris 457
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus 458
Pemphigus Vegetans 458
Pemphigus Erythematosus 458
Feline Pemphigus 459
Autoimmune Subepidermal Blistering Diseases 460
Prognosis and Treatment of AISBD 460
Bullous Pemphigoid 461
Cause and Pathogenesis 461
Clinical Features 462
Diagnosis 462
Clinical Management 463
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid 463
Cause and Pathogenesis 463
Clinical Features 463
Diagnosis 463
Clinical Management 464
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita 464
Cause and Pathogenesis 464
Clinical Features 464
Diagnosis 464
Clinical Management 465
Acquired Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa 465
Linear Immunoglobulin A Disease 465
Lupus Erythematosus 465
Lupus Erythematosus in Man 465
Etiology in Man Compared to Animals 465
Pathogenesis 466
Clinical Spectrum 467
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Dog 467
Clinical Features 467
Dermatologic Signs 467
Joint Disease 468
Hematologic Changes 468
Glomerulonephritis 468
Ulcerative Stomatitis 468
Serositis 469
Neurologic Abnormalities 469
Other Less Specific Signs 469
Serologic Findings 469
LE Cell Phenomenon 469
Antinuclear Antibody by Immunofluorescence 469
Specificity of Antinuclear Antibodies 469
Diagnosis 470
Clinical Management 471
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Cat 471
Clinical Features 471
Diagnosis 471
Clinical Management 471
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus 471
Canine 471
Clinical Features 471
Diagnosis 471
Clinical Management 472
Feline 472
Vesicular Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus 472
Exfoliative Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus 473
Alopecia Areata 474
Cause and Pathogenesis 474
Clinical Features 474
Diagnosis 474
Histopathology 474
Clinical Management 475
Linear Immunoglobulin A Pustular Dermatosis 475
Cryoglobulinemia and Cryofibrinogenemia 476
Cause and Pathogenesis 476
Clinical Features 476
Diagnosis 476
Histopathology 477
Clinical Management 477
Graft-Versus-Host Disease 477
Canine Uveodermatologic Syndrome 477
Cause and Pathogenesis 477
Clinical Features 478
Diagnosis 478
Clinical Management 478
Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases 478
Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction 478
Cause and Pathogenesis 479
Clinical Features 479
Diagnosis 483
Drug Score 484
Clinical Management 484
Erythema Multiforme 484
Cause and Pathogenesis 485
Classification Schemes 485
Clinical Features 487
Diagnosis 488
Clinical Management 489
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 489
Cause and Pathogenesis 489
Clinical Features 489
Diagnosis 490
Clinical Management 491
Vascular Diseases 491
Cause and Pathogenesis 491
Clinical Features 492
Diagnosis 497
Clinical Management 499
Amyloidosis 500
Cause and Pathogenesis 500
Clinical Features 500
Diagnosis 500
Clinical Management 500
Auricular Chondritis 501
Cause and Pathogenesis 501
Clinical Features 501
Diagnosis 501
Clinical Management 501
Pseudopelade 502
Cause and Pathogenesis 502
Clinical Features 502
Diagnosis 502
Clinical Management 503
References 503
10 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 513
Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Hypothalamus and Hypophysis 513
Diagnosis of Endocrinopathies 514
Thyroid Physiology and Disease 514
Thyroid Physiology 514
Thyroid Hormones and the Skin 514
Canine Hypothyroidism 514
Cause and Pathogenesis 514
Clinical Features 515
Diagnosis 519
Thyroid Testing 520
Baseline Thyroid Hormone and Thyrotropin Concentrations 520
Factors That Influence Baseline Thyroid Hormone and Thyrotropin Concentrations 521
Euthyroid Sick Syndrome 521
Drugs 521
Provocative Function Tests 522
TSH Stimulation Test 522
TRH Stimulation Test 522
Tests Used in Lymphocytic Thyroiditis 522
Thyroid Biopsy 523
Imaging Studies 523
Response to Supplementation 523
Clinical Management 523
Feline Hypothyroidism 524
Clinical Features 525
Diagnosis 525
Clinical Management 525
Feline Hyperthyroidism 525
Adrenal Cortex Physiology and Disease 526
Adrenal Physiology 526
Glucocorticoids and the Skin 526
Canine Hypercortisolism 526
Cause and Pathogenesis 527
Clinical Features 527
Diagnosis 531
Diagnostic Imaging 531
Histopathology 532
Adrenal Function Tests 532
Baseline Cortisol and Corticotropin Determination 532
Endogenous Corticotropin 532
Urinary Cortisol/Creatinine Ratio 532
Dynamic Response Tests to Diagnose Hypercortisolism 533
Corticotropin Stimulation Test 533
Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test 533
Tests to Differentiate the Cause of Hypercortisolism 534
High-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test 534
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test 534
Other Adrenal Function Tests 534
Clinical Management 534
Pituitary-Dependent Hypercortisolism 535
o,p'-DDD (Mitotane, Lysodren) 535
Trilostane 536
Retinoic Acid 536
Ketoconazole 536
l-Deprenyl 536
Other Treatments 537
Surgery 537
Radiation Therapy 537
Adrenocortical Neoplasia 537
Iatrogenic Hypercortisolism 537
Feline Hypercortisolism 538
Causes and Pathogenesis 538
Clinical Features 538
Diagnosis 538
Histopathology 539
Adrenal Function Tests 539
Clinical Management 539
Growth Hormone and Disease 540
Growth Hormone Regulation 540
Growth Hormones and the Skin 540
Hypopituitarism 540
Pituitary Dwarfism 541
Cause and Pathogenesis 541
Clinical Features 541
Diagnosis 541
Clinical Management 542
Acromegaly 542
Cause and Pathogenesis 542
Clinical Features 542
Canine Acromegaly 542
Feline Acromegaly 542
Diagnosis 543
Clinical Management 543
Sex Hormones and the Skin 543
Estrogens 543
Androgens 544
Progesterone 544
Sex Hormone Function Tests 544
Sex Hormone Dermatoses 544
Hyperestrogenism 545
Cause and Pathogenesis 545
Clinical Features 545
Diagnosis 546
Clinical Management 546
Hyperandrogenism 547
Cause and Pathogenesis 547
Clinical Features 547
Diagnosis 547
Clinical Management 547
Hyperprogesteronism 547
Hair Loss Associated with Irregular Cycles in Intact Female Animals 548
Diagnosis 548
Clinical Management 548
Rare Sex Hormone Dermatoses 548
Hair Cycle Arrest 549
Cause and Pathogenesis 549
Clinical Features 549
Diagnosis 550
Clinical Management 551
Diabetes Mellitus 552
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema (Hepatocutaneous Syndrome, Metabolic Epidermal Necrosis, Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis) 552
Cause and Pathogenesis 552
Clinical Features 553
Diagnosis 553
Clinical Management 554
Xanthomas 554
Minoxidil in Canine Alopecia 555
References 555
General References 555
Thyroid Physiology and Disease 555
Adrenal Physiology and Disease 559
Growth Hormone Physiology and Disease 562
Sex Hormone Physiology and Disease 563
Hair Cycle Arrest 564
Miscellaneous 564
11 Miscellaneous Alopecias 566
Canine Alopecias 566
Pattern Alopecia 566
Clinical Findings 566
Diagnosis 567
Clinical Management 568
Canine Follicular Dysplasia 568
Canine Flank Alopecia 568
Clinical Findings 568
Diagnosis 570
Clinical Management 570
Flank Alopecia with Interface Dermatitis 571
Anagen and Telogen Effluvium (Defluxion) 571
Excessive Shedding 572
Cyclic Follicular Dysplasia 572
Traction and Compression Alopecia 572
Trichorrhexis Nodosa 573
Injection Reactions 573
Post–Rabies Vaccination Panniculitis 573
Postinjection Panniculitis 575
Sterile Abscess of Repositol Injection 575
Topical Medication Reactions 576
Postclipping Alopecia 576
Chronic Radiant Heat Dermatitis 578
Alopecia Mucinosa 578
Eosinophilic Mucinotic Mural Folliculitis in Dogs 578
Feline Acquired Alopecias 578
Feline Pinnal Alopecia 578
Feline Preauricular Alopecia 578
Feline Acquired Symmetric Alopecia 579
Injection Reactions 579
Topical Medication Reactions 579
Paraneoplastic Alopecia 580
Exfoliative Dermatitis and Thymoma 581
Trichorrhexis Nodosa 581
Mural Folliculitis 582
Degenerative Mucinotic Mural Folliculitis 582
Posttraumatic Alopecia 582
References 583
12 Congenital and Hereditary Defects 585
Disorders of the Surface and Follicular Epithelium 585
Primary Seborrhea in Dogs 585
Cause and Pathogenesis 585
Clinical Features 585
Diagnosis 586
Clinical Management 586
Primary Seborrhea in Cats 588
Idiopathic Facial Dermatitis of Persian and Himalayan Cats 588
Ulcerative Nasal Dermatitis of Bengal Cats 589
Ichthyosis 589
Cause and Pathogenesis 589
Clinical Features 590
Diagnosis 591
Clinical Management 591
Follicular Parakeratosis 591
Clinical Features 591
Diagnosis 592
Clinical Management 592
Epidermal Dysplasia in West Highland White Terriers 592
Cause and Pathogenesis 592
Clinical Features 592
Diagnosis 593
Clinical Management 593
Psoriasiform-Lichenoid Dermatosis in English Springer Spaniels 593
Schnauzer Comedo Syndrome 593
Cause and Pathogenesis 593
Clinical Features 594
Diagnosis 594
Clinical Management 594
Footpad Hyperkeratosis 594
Hereditary Nasal Hyperkeratosis of the Labrador Retriever 595
Clinical Features 595
Diagnosis 595
Treatment 595
Aplasia Cutis 595
Dermal Dysplasia 595
Dermoid Sinus 595
Clinical Features 596
Clinical Management 596
Epidermolysis Bullosa 596
Familial Canine Dermatomyositis 597
Cause and Pathogenesis 597
Clinical Features 597
Diagnosis 598
Clinical Management 599
Vesicular Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus 599
Canine Darier Disease 599
Clinical Features 599
Diagnosis 600
Clinical Management 600
Exfoliative Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus 600
Ectodermal Dysplasia-Skin Fragility Syndrome 600
Disorders of Hairs and Hair Growth 600
Structural Defects of the Hair Shaft 600
Trichorrhexis Nodosa 601
Trichoptilosis 601
Medullary Trichomalacia 601
Pili Torti 602
Shaft Disorder of Abyssinian Cats 602
Spiculosis 602
Congenital Hypotrichosis or Alopecia 603
Alopecic Breeds 603
Congenital Hypotrichosis 603
Dogs 603
Cats 603
Ectodermal Dysplasia 604
Black Hair Follicular Dysplasia 605
Cause and Pathogenesis 605
Clinical Features 605
Diagnosis 606
Tardive Hypotrichosis or Alopecia 606
Pattern Baldness 606
Color Dilution Alopecia 607
Cause and Pathogenesis 607
Clinical Features 608
Diagnosis 609
Clinical Management 609
Follicular Dysplasia 609
Siberian Husky and Malamute 609
Doberman Pinschers, Miniature Pinschers, and Manchester Terriers 609
Airedale Terrier, Boxer, English Bulldog, Staffordshire Terrier, Wirehaired Griffons, and Affenpinschers 609
Irish Water Spaniels, Portuguese Water Dogs, and Curly-Coated Retrievers 609
Weimaraner 609
Other Dogs 610
Diagnosis 611
Treatment 611
Follicular Lipidosis 611
Clinical Features 611
Diagnosis 611
Treatment 611
Melanoderma and Alopecia in Yorkshire Terriers 611
Disorders of Pigmentation 612
Hypopigmentary Disorders 612
Hyperpigmentary Disorders 612
Acanthosis Nigricans 612
Cause and Pathogenesis 612
Clinical Features 612
Diagnosis 612
Clinical Management 613
Disorders of Atypical Coloration 613
Congenital Disorders 613
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome 613
Canine Cyclic Hematopoiesis 613
Coat Color Dilution and Cerebellar Degeneration in Rhodesian Ridgeback Dogs 614
Acquired Disorders 614
Acquired Aurotrichia in Miniature Schnauzers 614
Disorders of Collagen 614
Cutaneous Asthenia 614
Cause and Pathogenesis 614
Clinical Features 616
Diagnosis 616
Clinical Management 616
Disorder of the Footpads in German Shepherd Dogs 616
Clinical Features 616
Diagnosis 616
Clinical Management 617
Focal Metatarsal Fistulation of German Shepherd Dogs 617
Clinical Features 617
Diagnosis 617
Clinical Management 617
Multiple Collagenous Nevi 617
Disorders of Elastin 618
Cutis Laxa 618
Disorders of Vessels 618
Familial Vasculopathy 618
Beagles 618
German Shepherds 618
Greyhounds 618
Scottish Terriers 619
Parson (Jack) Russell Terriers 619
Saint Bernards 619
Lymphedema 619
Cause and Pathogenesis 619
Clinical Features 620
Diagnosis 620
Clinical Management 620
Endocrine, Metabolic, and Immunologic Disorders 620
Acrodermatitis 620
Clinical Features 620
Diagnosis 621
Clinical Management 621
Tyrosinemia 621
Cause and Pathogenesis 621
Clinical Features 621
Diagnosis 621
Clinical Management 621
Mucopolysaccharidosis 622
Miscellaneous Disorders 622
Acral Mutilation Syndrome 622
Cause and Pathogenesis 622
Clinical Features 622
Diagnosis 622
Clinical Management 622
Disorders of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel 622
Primary Secretory Otitis Media 623
Eosinophilic Disorders 623
Caudal Occipital Malformation Syndrome 623
Cutaneous Mucinosis 623
Diagnosis 623
Clinical Management 623
Urticaria Pigmentosa 624
Clinical Features 624
Diagnosis 624
Treatment 624
References 624
Disorders of the Surface and Follicular Epithelium 624
Disorders of Hairs and Hair Growth 626
Disorders of Pigmentation 628
Disorders of Collagen 628
Disorders of Vessels 628
Endocrine, Metabolic, and Immunologic Disorders 629
Miscellaneous Disorders 629
13 Pigmentary Abnormalities 630
Terminology and Introduction 630
Hyperpigmentation 630
Genetic 631
Lentigo 631
Lentigo Simplex in Orange Cats 631
Epidermal Nevus 632
Canine Acanthosis Nigricans 632
Urticaria Pigmentosa 632
Feline Acromelanism 632
Acquired 632
Postinflammatory 632
Comedone Associated 633
Hormone Associated 633
Drug Induced 633
Papillomavirus Associated 634
Pigmented Tumors 635
Fungal Agents 635
Hypopigmentation 635
Genetic 635
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome 635
Albinism 635
Piebaldism 635
Waardenburg-Klein Syndrome 635
Canine Cyclic Hematopoiesis 635
Breed Associated, Suspect Genetic 636
Graying 636
Vitiligo 636
Nasal Hypopigmentation 637
Mucocutaneous Hypopigmentation 637
Tyrosinase Deficiency 637
Acquired 637
Postinflammatory 637
Drug Related 638
Metabolic/Hormonal 638
Neoplasia 639
Miscellaneous Pigment Changes 639
Acquired Aurotrichia 639
Red Hair 639
Red/Brown Claws 640
Flushing 640
Drug-Induced Color Changes 640
References 640
14 Keratinization Defects 642
Antiseborrheic Treatments 642
Canine Seborrhea 645
Cause and Pathogenesis 646
Inflammation 646
Endocrine Factors 646
Nutritional Factors 646
Environmental Factors 646
Clinical Features 646
Diagnosis 647
Clinical Management 648
Vitamin A–responsive Dermatosis 649
Sebaceous Gland Dysplasia 649
Feline Seborrhea 650
Nasodigital Hyperkeratosis 651
Cause and Pathogenesis 651
Clinical Features 651
Diagnosis 651
Clinical Management 651
Acne 652
Canine Acne 652
Feline Acne 652
Cause and Pathogenesis 652
Clinical Features 653
Diagnosis 653
Clinical Management 653
Canine Ear Margin Dermatosis 654
Canine Tail Gland Hyperplasia 654
Feline Tail Gland Hyperplasia 655
Exfoliative Dermatoses 655
Thymoma 656
Parapsoriasis 656
Cutaneous Flushing 656
Physiologic Response to Drugs 657
References 657
15 Psychogenic Skin Diseases 659
Psychological Therapy 660
Pharmacologic Therapies 660
Canine Psychogenic Dermatoses 662
Acral Lick Dermatitis 662
Cause and Pathogenesis 662
Clinical Features 662
Diagnosis 662
Clinical Management 664
Psychological Drug Therapy 664
Treating the Lesion 665
Miscellaneous Psychogenic Manifestations 665
Tail Biting 665
Tail Dock Neuroma 665
Flank Sucking 666
Self-Nursing 666
Anal Licking 666
Foot Licking 666
Feline Psychogenic Dermatoses 666
Psychogenic Alopecia and Dermatitis 666
Cause and Pathogenesis 666
Clinical Features 667
Diagnosis 667
Clinical Management 669
Tail Sucking 669
References 669
16 Environmental Skin Diseases 671
Photodermatitis 671
Solar Dermatitis 671
Canine Nasal Solar Dermatitis 671
Clinical Features 671
Diagnosis 672
Clinical Management 672
Feline Solar Dermatitis 673
Clinical Features 673
Diagnosis 674
Clinical Management 674
Canine Solar Dermatitis of the Trunk and Extremities 674
Photosensitivity 675
Actinic Keratosis 675
Miscellaneous Effects of Solar Exposure 675
Irritant Contact Dermatitis 675
Clinical Features 675
Diagnosis 676
Clinical Management 676
Burns 677
Clinical Features 677
Diagnosis 678
Clinical Management 678
Radiant Heat Burns 678
Radiation Injury 679
Frostbite 679
Clinical Features 680
Clinical Management 680
Miscellaneous Causes of Necrosis and Sloughing 680
Subcutaneous Emphysema 680
Subcutaneous Chyle 681
Snake Bite 681
Foreign Bodies 682
Arteriovenous Fistula 683
Myospherulosis 683
Thallium Toxicosis 683
Clinical Features 684
Diagnosis 684
Clinical Management 684
Miscellaneous Toxicoses 685
Callus and Hygroma 685
Callus Dermatitis and Pyoderma 686
Clinical Management 686
Ventral Comedone Syndrome 686
Post-Grooming Furunculosis 686
Cause and Pathogenesis 686
Clinical Features 686
Diagnosis 687
Clinical Management 687
Traumatic Skin Lesions 687
Posttraumatic Alopecia 687
Cause and Pathogenesis 687
Clinical Features 687
Diagnosis 687
Clinical Management 688
Fan Blade Wounds 688
Pressure Sores 688
Friction Blisters 689
Pyotraumatic Dermatitis 689
Intertrigo 690
Calcinosis Cutis 692
References 693
17 Nutrition and Skin Disease 697
Protein Deficiencies 697
Fatty Acid Deficiencies 697
Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies 701
Vitamin A 701
Vitamin D 701
Vitamin E 701
Zinc 701
Probiotics 703
Supplements 705
References 705
18 Miscellaneous Skin Diseases 707
Cicatricial Alopecia and Localized Scleroderma 707
Cause and Pathogenesis 707
Clinical Features 707
Diagnosis 707
Clinical Management 707
Granulomatous Sebaceous Adenitis 707
Cause and Pathogenesis 707
Clinical Features 708
Dog 708
Cat 710
Diagnosis 710
Clinical Management 710
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome 711
Cause and Pathogenesis 711
Clinical Features 711
Diagnosis 711
Clinical Management 712
Idiopathic Diffuse Lipomatosis 712
Idiopathic Greasy Skin and Haircoat with Sebaceous Gland Hyperplasia 712
Lichenoid Dermatoses 712
Cause and Pathogenesis 713
Clinical Features 713
Diagnosis 713
Clinical Management 713
Panniculitis 713
Cause and Pathogenesis 713
Sterile Nodular Panniculitis 713
Cause and Pathogenesis 713
Clinical Features 714
Dog 714
Cat 715
Diagnosis 715
Clinical Management 716
Split Paw Pad Disease 716
Sterile Granuloma/Pyogranuloma Syndrome 716
Cause and Pathogenesis 716
Clinical Features 716
Dog 716
Cat 717
Diagnosis 717
Clinical Management 718
Miscellaneous Canine Skin Diseases 718
Eosinophilic Dermatitis and Edema 718
Canine Eosinophilic Granuloma 719
Cause and Pathogenesis 719
Clinical Features 719
Diagnosis 719
Clinical Management 719
Idiopathic Acquired Cutaneous Laxity 720
Idiopathic Mucinosis 720
Hereditary Cutaneous Hyaluronosis 720
Juvenile Cellulitis 720
Cause and Pathogenesis 720
Clinical Features 721
Diagnosis 721
Clinical Management 721
Pyoderma Gangrenosum 721
Sterile Eosinophilic Pustulosis 722
Cause and Pathogenesis 722
Clinical Features 723
Diagnosis 723
Clinical Management 723
Sterile Neutrophilic Dermatosis 723
Cause and Pathogenesis 724
Clinical Features 724
Diagnosis 724
Clinical Management 724
Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis 724
Cause and Pathogenesis 724
Clinical Features 724
Diagnosis 725
Clinical Management 725
Systemic Plasmacytosis 725
Miscellaneous Skin Diseases of the Cat 725
Acquired Reactive Perforating Collagenosis 725
Clinical Management 726
Acquired Skin Fragility 726
Cause and Pathogenesis 726
Clinical Features 726
Diagnosis 726
Clinical Management 726
Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex 726
Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma 727
Feline Eosinophilic Plaque 728
Indolent Ulcer 728
Feline Idiopathic Ulcerative Dermatitis 730
Cause and Pathogenesis 730
Clinical Features 730
Diagnosis 730
Clinical Management 730
Plasma Cell Pododermatitis 730
Cause and Pathogenesis 730
Clinical Features 730
Diagnosis 731
Clinical Management 731
Subcutaneous Fat Sclerosis 731
References 732
19 Diseases of Eyelids, Claws, Anal Sacs, and Ears 736
Eyelid Diseases 736
Anatomy 736
Conformational Disorders 736
Entropion 736
Ectropion 736
Cilia Disorders 737
Distichiasis 737
Trichiasis 737
Blepharitis 737
Parasitic Blepharitis 737
Fungal Blepharitis 738
Bacterial Blepharitis 738
Viral Blepharitis 738
Protozoal Blepharitis 739
Allergic Blepharitis 739
Immune-Mediated Blepharitis 740
Metabolic/Nutritional Blepharitis 740
Miscellaneous Blepharitis 740
Idiopathic Blepharitis 740
Pigmentary Disorders 740
Neoplasia 741
Nodules and Cysts 742
Claw Diseases 743
Anatomy and Physiology 743
Terminology 743
Miscellaneous Diseases 744
Trauma 744
Infections 745
Immune-Mediated 745
Neoplasia 745
Symmetric Lupoid Onychitis 746
Cause and Pathogenesis 746
Clinical Features 746
Diagnosis 747
Clinical Management 747
Idiopathic Onychodystrophy 749
Idiopathic Onychomadesis 749
Miscellaneous Claw Disorders 749
Diagnosis 750
Treatment 751
Anal Sac Diseases 751
Anatomy 751
Diseases 751
Anal Sac Impaction 751
Anal Sac Infections 752
Anal Sac Neoplasia 752
Clinical Features 752
Clinical Management 752
Impactions 752
Infected Anal Sacs 753
Otitis Externa 753
Anatomy and Physiology 753
Importance 755
Classification 755
Primary Causes 757
Parasites 757
Foreign Bodies 758
Hypersensitivities 758
Keratinization Disorders 760
Glandular Disorders 760
Miscellaneous Conditions 760
Secondary Causes 761
Bacteria 761
Yeast 761
Fungal 761
Topical Acquired Irritant Reactions 761
Perpetuating Factors 761
Progressive Pathologic Changes 762
Tympanic Membrane Alterations 762
Otitis Media 763
Predisposing Factors 763
Conformation 763
Excessive Moisture 764
Obstructive Ear Disease 764
Primary Otitis Media 765
Clinical Features 765
Signalment 765
History 766
Physical Findings 766
Otoscopic Examination 766
Diagnosis 767
Cytology 767
Histopathology 768
Culture and Susceptibility Testing 768
Diagnosing Otitis Media 768
Imaging 769
Palpation 769
Myringotomy 769
Treatment 769
Restraint and Pain Management 769
Cleaning 770
Cleaning Agents 770
Cleaning Techniques 772
Topical Therapy 773
Topical Glucocorticoids 774
Topical Antibiotics 775
Antifungals 775
Parasiticidals 776
Other Topical Options 776
Ototoxicity 776
Systemic Therapy 776
Glucocorticoids 777
Antibiotics 777
Antifungals 778
Parasiticidals 778
Surgery 778
References 779
20 Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Tumors 786
Cutaneous Oncology 786
Epithelial Neoplasms 786
Papilloma 786
Cause and Pathogenesis 786
Clinical Findings 788
Dog 788
Cat 789
Diagnosis 789
Clinical Management 790
Infundibular Keratinizing Acanthoma (Keratoacanthoma) 790
Cause and Pathogenesis 790
Clinical Findings 790
Diagnosis 791
Clinical Management 791
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 791
Cause and Pathogenesis 791
Clinical Findings 791
Dog 791
Cat 792
Diagnosis 792
Clinical Management 794
Multicentric Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ 795
Cause and Pathogenesis 795
Clinical Findings 795
Diagnosis 795
Clinical Management 795
Basal Cell Tumors 796
Benign Feline Basal Cell Tumor 796
Cause and Pathogenesis 796
Clinical Findings 796
Diagnosis 796
Clinical Management 797
Basal Cell Carcinoma 797
Cause and Pathogenesis 797
Clinical Findings 797
Diagnosis 797
Clinical Management 797
Hair Follicle Tumors 797
Trichoepithelioma 797
Cause and Pathogenesis 797
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 798
Tricholemmoma 798
Cause and Pathogenesis 798
Clinical Findings 798
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 798
Trichofolliculoma 798
Cause and Pathogenesis 798
Clinical Findings 798
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 798
Dilated Pore of Winer 798
Cause and Pathogenesis 798
Clinical Findings 798
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 799
Warty Dyskeratoma 799
Cause and Pathogenesis 799
Clinical Findings 799
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 799
Pilomatrixoma (Pilomatricoma, Calcifying Epithelioma) 799
Cause and Pathogenesis 799
Clinical Findings 799
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 799
Trichoblastoma 799
Cause and Pathogenesis 799
Clinical Findings 799
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 800
Sebaceous Gland Tumors 800
Cause and Pathogenesis 800
Clinical Findings 800
Dog 800
Cat 801
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 801
Sweat Gland Tumors 801
Cause and Pathogenesis 801
Clinical Findings 801
Dog 801
Cat 801
Diagnosis 802
Clinical Management 802
Perianal Gland Tumors 802
Cause and Pathogenesis 802
Clinical Findings 803
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 803
Salivary Gland Tumors 804
Mesenchymal Neoplasms 804
Tumors of Fibroblast Origin 804
Fibroma 804
Cause and Pathogenesis 804
Clinical Findings 805
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 805
Dermatofibroma 805
Cause and Pathogenesis 805
Clinical Findings 805
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 805
Fibrovascular Papilloma 805
Clinical Findings 805
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 806
Fibropruritic Nodule 806
Cause and Pathogenesis 806
Clinical Findings 806
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 806
Feline “sarcoid” 806
Cause and Pathogenesis 806
Clinical Findings 806
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 806
Fibrosarcoma 806
Cause and Pathogenesis 806
Clinical Findings 807
Dog 807
Cat 807
Diagnosis 807
Clinical Management 807
Myxoma and Myxosarcoma 808
Cause and Pathogenesis 808
Clinical Findings 808
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 808
Nodular Fasciitis 808
Cause and Pathogenesis 808
Clinical Findings 808
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 808
Tumors of Neural Origin 808
Schwannoma 808
Cause and Pathogenesis 808
Clinical Findings 809
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 809
Granular Cell Tumor 809
Cause and Pathogenesis 809
Clinical Findings 809
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 809
Tumors of Vascular Origin 810
Hemangioma 810
Cause and Pathogenesis 810
Clinical Findings 810
Dog 810
Cat 810
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 810
Hemangiosarcoma 810
Cause and Pathogenesis 810
Clinical Findings 810
Dog 810
Cat 810
Diagnosis 811
Clinical Management 811
Hemangiopericytoma 811
Cause and Pathogenesis 811
Clinical Findings 812
Diagnosis 812
Clinical Management 812
Lymphangioma 812
Cause and Pathogenesis 812
Clinical Findings 812
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 812
Lymphangiosarcoma 812
Cause and Pathogenesis 812
Clinical Findings 813
Dog 813
Cat 813
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 813
Tumors of Adipose Origin 813
Lipoma 813
Cause and Pathogenesis 813
Clinical Findings 813
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 814
Liposarcoma 814
Cause and Pathogenesis 814
Clinical Findings 814
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 814
Miscellaneous Mesenchymal Tumors 815
Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma 815
Cause and Pathogenesis 815
Clinical Findings 815
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 815
Rhabdomyoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma 815
Cause and Pathogenesis 815
Clinical Findings 815
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 815
Osteoma and Osteosarcoma 815
Cause and Pathogenesis 815
Clinical Findings 815
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 816
Chondroma and Chondrosarcoma 816
Cause and Pathogenesis 816
Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, and Clinical Management 816
Postvaccinal Sarcoma 816
Cause and Pathogenesis 816
Clinical Findings 817
Diagnosis 817
Clinical Management 817
Mast Cell Tumor 818
Cause and Pathogenesis 818
Clinical Findings 818
Dog 818
Cat 818
Diagnosis 818
Clinical Management 819
Dog: Localized Disease 819
Dog: Residual Microscopic Disease 820
External Beam Megavoltage Radiation Therapy 820
Adjuvant Systemic Chemotherapy for Incompletely Resected Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors 821
Interstitial Brachytherapy with Iridium-192 821
Dog: Metastatic Disease 821
Dog: Novel Targeted Therapies 821
Cat 821
Tumors of Lymphoid Origin 822
Cutaneous Lymphoma 822
Cause and Pathogenesis 822
Nonepitheliotropic Cutaneous Lymphoma 822
Epitheliotropic Cutaneous Lymphoma 823
Mycosis Fungoides 823
Clinical Findings 823
Diagnosis 823
Clinical Management 824
Sézary Syndrome 827
Pagetoid Reticulosis 827
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis 828
Feline Cutaneous Lymphocytosis 828
Cutaneous Plasmacytoma 828
Cause and Pathogenesis 828
Clinical Findings 828
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 828
Histiocytic Proliferative Disorders 829
Cutaneous Histiocytoma 829
Cause and Pathogenesis 829
Clinical Findings 829
Diagnosis 830
Clinical Management 830
Reactive Cutaneous Histiocytosis 831
Cause and Pathogenesis 831
Clinical Findings 831
Diagnosis 831
Clinical Management 831
Systemic Histiocytosis 831
Cause and Pathogenesis 831
Clinical Findings 831
Diagnosis 831
Clinical Management 832
Histiocytic Sarcoma 832
Cause and Pathogenesis 832
Clinical Findings 832
Diagnosis 832
Clinical Management 833
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma 833
Cause and Pathogenesis 833
Clinical Findings 833
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 833
Melanocytic Neoplasms 833
Melanocytoma 834
Clinical Findings 834
Dog 834
Cat 834
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 834
Melanoma 834
Clinical Findings 834
Dog 834
Cat 834
Diagnosis 835
Clinical Management 835
Miscellaneous Cutaneous Neoplasms 835
Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor 835
Cause and Pathogenesis 835
Diagnosis 835
Clinical Findings 836
Clinical Management 836
Primary Cutaneous Neuroendocrine Tumor 837
Cause and Pathogenesis 837
Clinical Findings 837
Diagnosis 837
Clinical Management 837
Secondary Skin Neoplasms 837
Non-Neoplastic Tumors 837
Cutaneous Cysts 837
Follicular Cysts 837
Infundibular Cyst 838
Isthmus Catagen Cyst 838
Matrical Cyst 838
Hybrid Cyst 838
Dermoid Cyst 838
Epitrichial (Apocrine) Sweat Gland Cyst 838
Sebaceous Gland Cyst 839
Branchial Cyst 839
Nevi 839
Collagenous Nevi 839
Organoid Nevi 839
Vascular Nevi 840
Sebaceous Gland Nevi 840
Epitrichial (Apocrine) Sweat Gland Nevi 841
Epidermal Nevi 841
Hair Follicle Nevi 841
Comedo Nevi 841
Melanocytic Nevi 842
Keratoses 842
Actinic Keratosis 842
Lichenoid Keratosis 842
Seborrheic Keratosis 842
Cutaneous Horn 842
Calcinosis Cutis 843
Calcinosis Circumscripta 843
Cause and Pathogenesis 843
Diagnosis and Clinical Management 844
Cutaneous Mucinosis 844
Paraneoplastic Skin Diseases 845
References 845
21 Dermatoses of Exotic Small Mammals 856
Ferret 860
Ectoparasites 860
Fleas 860
Mites 860
Ear Mites 860
Sarcoptic Mange 860
Demodectic Mange 861
Other Mite Infestations 861
Other Ectoparasites 861
Fungal Diseases 861
Bacterial Diseases 862
Viral Diseases 862
Endocrine Diseases 863
Adrenal Associated Endocrinopathy 863
Hyperestrogenism 865
Seasonal Alopecia 865
Alopecia Associated with Testicular Neoplasia 865
Neoplasia 866
Nutritional Disorders 867
Miscellaneous Conditions 868
Rabbit 869
Ectoparasites 869
Fleas 869
Ear Mites 870
Fur Mites 870
Flies 872
Ticks 872
Lice 872
Other Parasites 873
Fungal Diseases 873
Bacterial Diseases 874
Subcutaneous Abscesses 874
Ulcerative Pododermatitis (“sore Hocks”) 875
Moist Dermatitis 876
Syphilis 877
Necrobacillosis 877
Mastitis 877
Cellulitis 878
Viral Diseases 878
Myxomatosis 878
Shope Fibroma Virus 879
Shope Papilloma Virus 879
Rabbit Pox 879
Neoplasia 879
Nutritional Disorders 880
Miscellaneous Conditions 880
Guinea Pig 883
Ectoparasites 883
Fungal Diseases 884
Bacterial Diseases 884
Viral Diseases 885
Neoplasia 886
Nutritional Disorders 886
Miscellaneous Conditions 886
Chinchilla 887
Ectoparasites 887
Bacterial Diseases 887
Fungal Diseases 888
Nutritional Disorders 888
Miscellaneous Conditions 888
Rat 888
Ectoparasites 888
Fungal Diseases 889
Bacterial Diseases 889
Viral Diseases 889
Neoplasia 890
Nutritional Disorders 890
Miscellaneous Conditions 890
Gerbil 891
Ectoparasites 891
Fungal Diseases 891
Neoplasia 891
Miscellaneous Conditions 891
Hamster 891
Ectoparasites 891
Fungal Diseases 892
Viral Diseases 892
Neoplasia 892
Nutritional Disorders 892
Miscellaneous Conditions 892
Mouse 893
Ectoparasites 893
Fungal Diseases 893
Bacterial Diseases 893
Viral Diseases 894
Neoplasia 894
Nutritional Disorders 894
Miscellaneous Conditions 894
Other Exotic Small Mammals 894
African Hedgehog 894
Prairie Dog 895
Sugar Gliders 895
References 896
Index 901
A 901
B 904
C 906
D 913
E 918
F 920
G 924
H 925
I 928
J 930
K 930
L 930
M 932
N 934
O 936
P 937
R 941
S 942
T 946
U 948
V 949
W 949
X 950
Y 950
Z 950