Noordsy's Food Animal Surgery

N. Kent Ames , DVM, MS, is a food animal clinician at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, USA.

Preface ix

About the Companion Website xi

1 General Surgical Consideration 1
Preoperative Procedures 1
Preparing the Surgical Site 3
Postoperative Care 5
Suggested Reading 8

2 Surgical Restraint 11
General Considerations 11
Techniques That Divert the Animal’s Attention 11
Methods That Prevent Kicking 12
Methods for Raising a Leg in Cattle 13
Methods for Restraining the Tail in Cattle 15
Methods for Casting Cattle 15
Other Restraints 16
Mechanical Restraint 17
Suggested Reading 18

3 Local and Regional Anesthesia 19
General Considerations for Local and Regional (Nonepidural) Anesthesia 19
Abdominal Wall Anesthesia in Cattle 19
Anesthesia of the Distal Limb Via Vascular (IV) Infusion in Cattle 24
Anesthesia of the Horn (Cornual Nerve Block) 25
Eye and Eyelid Anesthesia in Cattle 27
Teat Anesthesia in Cattle 30
Sacral and Subsacral Paravertebral Blocks 33
Suggested Reading 37

4 Epidural Anesthesia 39
Principles of Epidural Anesthesia 39
Administering Epidural Anesthesia 41
Suggested Reading 50

5 General Anesthesia and Postoperative Analgesia 51
Introduction and General Considerations 51
Selected Drugs Used for Sedation, Tranquilization, Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Muscle Relaxation 54
Inhalation Anesthesia 59
Suggested Reading 63

6 Surgery of the Head and Neck in Cattle and Goats 65
Basic Cornuectomy in Cattle 65
Cosmetic Cornuectomy in Cattle 66
Cornuectomy in Goats 67
Trephination of Frontal Sinuses in cattle 68
Dentistry in Cattle 69
Tracheotomy in cattle 70
Esophagostomy in Cattle 71
Suggested Reading 73

7 Surgical Treatment of Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Corneal Dermoids in Cattle 75
Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma 75
Corneal Dermoid Surgery 80
Surgery for Entropion 80
Suggested Reading 81

8 Hernias and Umbilical Masses 83
Introduction 83
Surgical Procedures in Cattle 84
Surgical Procedures in Pigs 92
Herniorrhaphy in Sheep and Goats 95
Suggested Reading 95

9 Laparotomy in Cattle 97
Abdominal Surgery in cattle 97
Exploratory Laparotomy 100
Suggested Reading 103

10 Rumenotomy, Fistulation, Cannulation, and Pericardiotomy in Cattle 105
Rumenotomy 105
Creation of a Temporary Rumen Fistula 108
Permanent Rumen Cannulation 112
Pericardiotomy: Surgically Correcting Traumatic Pericarditis 113
Suggested Reading 116

11 Abomasal Surgery 119
General Considerations 119
Surgical Techniques for Treating Left Displaced Abomasum 119
Surgical Procedures for Treating Right Displaced Abomasum 127
Surgical Technique for Treating Abomasal Volvulus (RTA) 128
Conclusion 130
Suggested Reading 130

12 Surgical Treatment of Intestinal Obstruction 133
Introduction 133
Common Clinical Signs of Intestinal Obstruction in Cattle 133
Using Resection and Anastomosis to Treat Intussusception of the Jejunum in Cattle 134
Emergency Repair of Intestinal Laceration or Evisceration Trauma in Pigs and Calves 135
Spermatic Cord–Induced Intestinal Incarceration Surgery in Steers 135
Treating Typhlectasis with or without Torsion 136
Suggested Reading 138

13 Rectal Prolapse Repair 139
Factors That Can Predispose Animals to Rectal Prolapse 139
Types of Rectal Prolapse 139
Surgical Repair 139
Common Sequelae to Rectal Prolapse and Repair 143
Suggested Reading 143

14 Surgery of the Female Reproductive System 145
Oophorectomy in Cattle 145
Cesarean Section in Cows and Other Procedures to Aid Delivery 150
Cesarean Section in Sheep and Goats 161
Cesarean Section in Sows 163
Repair of Chronic Vaginal Prolapse in Cows 167
Third-Degree Perineal Laceration Repair 175
Urethral Extension to Control Urine Pooling 177
Suggested Reading 179

15 Surgery of the Male Reproductive System 183
Castration 183
Surgery for Cryptorchidism, Ectopic Testicle, and Scirrhous Cord 188
Surgical Correction of Penile and Preputial Conditions in Bulls 192
Extirpation of the Preputial Diverticulum in Boars 207
Surgical Preparation of Teaser Bulls, Boars, and Rams 210
Suggested Reading 218

16 Surgical Treatment of Conditions Associated with Urolithiasis 221
General Considerations 221
Urethrostomy 221
Tube Cystostomy 225
Urethral Catheterization 227
Urethral Repair in Breeding Bulls 228
Surgery for Subcutaneous Abdominal Inflammation and Edema Caused by Urethral Rupture 230
Surgical Removal of the Urethral Process in Wethers and Rams 230
Suggested Reading 230

17 Mammary Surgery 233
Teat Surgery 233
Udder Surgery 246
Suggested Reading 252

18 Ligament and Tendon Surgery 253
Tendon Surgery 253
Ligament Surgery 256
Suggested Reading 260

19 Foot and Claw Surgery 261
General Considerations 261
Amputation of the Claw in Cattle 261
Excision of Interdigital Fibromas (Corns) 263
Removal of Interdigital Foreign Bodies or Foreign Bodies Surrounding the Claw 265
Subsolar Abscess Surgery 265
Trimming of Claws, especially in Cattle 266
Amputation of the Forelimb and Hindlimb in Cattle, Especially Calves 267
Amputation of Medial Dewclaws of the Rear Feet in Heifers 268
Suggested Reading 268

20 Joint Surgery 271
General Considerations related to Joint Effusion 271
Arthrocentesis 271
Joint Flushing 272
Arthroscopy 273
Arthrodesis 273
Treatment of Meniscal Tears 274
Suggested Reading 274

21 Common Fractures and Dislocations 275
General Considerations 275
Specific Fractures and Dislocations 276
Suggested Reading 280
Study Question Answers 283

Index 293