Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe

Dolores Gavier-Widen, DVM, MS, PhD , Associate Professor at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Deputy Head of Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden. Dolores is the president of the Wildlife Disease Association (WDA) (2012-2013) and past-president (2006-2008) of the European Section of WDA (EWDA). She is reviewer for many journals, and has written book chapters and many scientific papers. Dolores has worked on wildlife disease research internationally, in particular on tuberculosis, calicivirus infection of leporids, prion diseases, and on the ongoing EU project "Novel technologies for surveillance of emerging and re-emerging infections of wildlife". She is consultant for EFSA, EC, research agencies and veterinary and public health organisations. She has worked on wildlife pathology and diagnostics of infectious diseases of free-ranging and farmed wild mammals and birds for more than 20 years. J. Paul Duff, BSc (zool), MVB, MSc, MRCVS , is based at AHVLA, Penrith, Cumbria, UK. Paul is the past-president of the EWDA (2009-2010) and a past Council member of the British Veterinary Zoological Society. He is a veterinary surgeon and zoologist who has worked for more than 20 years investigating disease in wild animals, exotic animals and livestock. Since 1998, he has been the project leader for the AHVLA Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (AHVLADoWS). This is the first government funded scheme for the investigation and surveillance of wildlife diseases in England and Wales. Since 1995, editor of the OIE Annual Report, 'Wildlife Diseases in the UK' which officially summarises wildlife disease reported in the UK each year for the Office International d'Epizooties (the World Animal Health Association). He is project leader, with Dolores Gavier-Widen, for the EU sponsored 'Wildlife related emerging diseases and zoonoses', Special Interest Group. Anna Meredith MA VetMB PhD CertLAS DZooMed MRCVS, RCVS Recognised Specialist in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine , Head of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Service, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, UK. Anna has extensive publication and book editing experience in the exotic animal and wildlife field, as well as being actively involved in many areas of ongoing wildlife research, including red squirrel and osprey surveillance in Scotland, and is currently carrying out full time DEFRA- funded research into emerging diseases in UK wildlife. She is a past president of the British Veterinary Zoological Society and a member of EWDA and EAZWV. She teaches wildlife medicine to veterinarians at both undergraduate and postgraduate level.

Notes on Contributors vii Preface xi Cover Image Acknowledgements xiii Acknowledgements xiv Section 1 Viral Infections 1 1. Herpesvirus Infections 3 2. Influenza Virus Infections 37 3. Avian Paramyxovirus Infections 59 4. Circovirus Infections 67 5. Calicivirus Infections 73 6. Lyssavirus Infections 86 7. Morbillivirus Infections 99 8. Orbivirus Infections 119 9. Flavivirus Infections 128 10. Pestivirus Infections 146 11. Picornavirus Infections 168 12. Parvovirus Infections 181 13. Poxvirus Infections 191 14. Adenovirus Infections 210 15. Retrovirus Infections 219 16. Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus Infections 225 17. Coronavirus Infections 234 18. Bunyavirus Infections 241 19. Other Virus Infections 249 Section 2 Bacterial Infections 263 20. Mycobacteria Infections 265 21. Yersinia Infections 293 22. Tularaemia 303 23. Pasteurella Infections 310 24. Brucellosis 318 25. Anthrax 329 26. Chlamydiaceae Infections 336 27. Borrelia Infections 345 28. Rickettsiales Infections 363 29. Mycoplasma Infections 372 30. Escherichia Infections 381 31. Salmonella Infections 386 32. Campylobacter Infections 398 33. Leptospira Infections 402 34. Coxiella burnetii Infection 409 35. Listeria Infections 413 36. Clostridium Species and Botulism 417 37. Other Bacterial Infections 428 Section 3 Fungal and Yeast Infections 453 38. Aspergillosis 455 39. Yeast Infections 462 40. Other Fungal Infections 466 41. Harmful Algal Blooms including Cyanobacterial Toxicosis 476 42. Mycotoxicosis 482 Section 4 Prion Infections 487 43. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 489 Section 5 Appendices 497 Appendix 1. Some Wildlife Related Emerging Diseases (WiREDS) in Europe 499 Appendix 2. Selected Zoonotic Pathogens with European Wildlife Reservoirs/Hosts 501 Appendix 3. Selected Socio-Economically Important Wildlife Related Pathogens and Diseases in Europe 503 Appendix 4. Wildlife Pathogens with Arthropod Vectors 505 Appendix 5. Pathogens Suspected of Causing Wild Population Declines, or of Conservation Importance 506 Appendix 6. Diseases by Clinical Presentations, Mammals 507 Appendix 7. Diseases by Clinical Presentations, Birds 509 Appendix 8. Species (Family)-Specific Wildlife Diseases in Europe 511 Subject Index 513