Listeria monocytogenes: Pathogenesis and Host Response (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 9
A 20-Year Perspective on Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis 13
1.1. Introduction 13
1.2. The Beginning of the Modern Era: A Personal Recollection 13
1.3. Natural History of Infection 16
1.4. Genetics, Genomics, and Gene Regulation 16
1.5. Models of Infection 17
1.6. Cell Biology of Infection 17
1.7. Relating Pathogenesis to Immunity 19
1.8. Future Prospects/Unanswered Questions 19
References 20
Listeriosis 25
2.1. Introduction 25
2.2. Microbiology 25
2.3. Epidemiology 26
2.4. Pathogenesis 28
2.5. Immunity 29
2.6. Clinical Manifestations 30
2.7. Diagnosis 34
2.8. Treatment 35
2.9. Prevention 36
References 37
Listeria Genomics 44
3.1. Introduction 44
3.2. Genome Comparisons 46
3.3. Specific Features of the L. monocytogenes Genomes 53
3.4. Diversity Within the Species L. monocytogenes 58
3.5. Postgenomics Analysis—Functional Genomics 63
3.6. Conclusions and Further Perspectives 66
References 68
Metabolism and Physiology of Listeria monocytogenes 74
4.1. Introduction 74
4.2. Carbon Metabolism 76
4.3. Anabolic Pathways 81
4.4. Nitrogen Metabolism 83
4.5. Conclusions 85
References 87
The Cell Wall of Listeria monocytogenes and its Role in Pathogenicity 92
5.1. Introduction 92
5.2. Biochemistry of the Listeria monocytogenes Cell Wall 93
5.3. Listeria monocytogenes Surface Proteins Anchored to the Cell Wall 97
5.4. Role of Cell-Wall-Associated Proteins in Listeria monocytogenes Virulence 103
5.5. Proteomics of the Listeria monocytogenes Cell Wall 107
5.6. The Listeria monocytogenes Cell Wall and Inflammation 110
5.7. Future Challenges 112
Note 113
References 113
Environmental Reservoir and Transmission into the Mammalian Host 122
6.1. Introduction 122
6.2. Methods for Studying L. monocytogenes Transmission 123
6.3. Listeria monocytogenes in Natural and Other Nonagricultural Environments 125
6.4. Listeria monocytogenes in Agricultural Environments 128
6.5. Listeria monocytogenes in Food-Associated Environments and Foods 131
6.6. Transmission into the Mammalian Host 136
6.7. Overall L. monocytogenes Transmission and Conclusions 139
References 140
Abbreviations 148
Regulation of Listeria monocytogenes Virulence Genes 149
7.1. Introduction 149
7.2. Regulation of PrfA Activity 150
7.3. Touched by the Regulator: Gene Products Whose Expression is Modulated by PrfA 157
7.4. Regulatory Factors, Other Than PrfA, Thus Far Implicated in the Control of L. monocytogenes Virulence Gene Expression 162
7.5. Concluding Remarks 163
References 164
Invasion of Host Cells by Listeria monocytogenes 169
8.1. Introduction 169
8.2. Internalins: Main Listeria monocytogenes Effectors for Cell Invasion 171
8.3. Other Molecules Involved in Invasion 180
8.4. Conclusions 182
References 182
Escape of Listeria monocytogenes from a Vacuole 187
9.1. Introduction 187
9.2. Escape from the Primary Vacuole 188
9.3. Escape from the Secondary Vacuole 196
9.4. Coda 199
References 200
Actin-Based Motility and Cell-to-Cell Spread of Listeria monocytogenes 206
10.1. Introduction 206
10.2. Intracellular Bacterial Movement 210
10.3. The ActA Surface Protein 211
10.4. Host Contributions to Actin-Based Motility 215
10.5. Biophysics of Actin-Based Movement 222
10.6. Conclusions 224
References 225
Adaptive Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes 233
11.1. Murine Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model Intracellular Pathogen 233
11.2. Adaptive Immunity to L. monocytogenes 234
11.3. Initiation of T-Cell-Mediated Immunity to L. monocytogenes 235
11.4. Kinetics of the T-Cell Response to L. monocytogenes 239
11.5. Programming of the T-Cell Response 242
11.6. Secondary Immunity to L. monocytogenes 243
11.7. CD8+ T- Cell Effector Mechanisms 245
11.8. Conclusion 249
References 249
Immune Evasion and Modulation by Listeria monocytogenes 258
12.1. Introduction: Evasion and Modulation of the Immune Response by Pathogens 258
12.2. Murine Listeriosis as a Model to Study Infection and Immunity 259
12.3. The Intracellular Niche of L. monocytogenes and Evasion of Immune Responses 260
12.4. Listeria monocytogenes-Induced Apoptosis Modulates the Immune Response 263
12.5. Evasion of CD8 T Cell-Mediated Protective Immunity 264
12.6. Induction of Type I Interferons by L. monocytogenes is Beneficial to the Bacteria 265
12.7. Conclusions 266
References 267
Bacteriophages of Listeria 271
13.1. Bacteriophages 271
13.2. Listeria Phages 275
References 282
Index 286