Electric Machines

Professor Ion Boldea, University Politehnica, Timisoara, Romania, is an IEEE Fellow and has worked, published, lectured and consulted extensively on linear and rotary electric motors and generators: theory, design and control. He has published 13 books in USA and UK throughout the last 30 years. Assoc. Prof. Lucian Tutelea, University Politehnica, Timisoara, Romania, is an IEEE member and also has taught, worked, published papers, lectured and consulted for numerous international companies in the field of electric machines and drives.

Part I: Steady State





Introduction


Electric Energy and Electric Machines


Basic Types of Transformers and Electric Machines


Losses and Efficiency


Physical Limitations and Ratings


Nameplate Ratings


Methods of Analysis


State of the Art and Perspective





 


Electric Transformers


AC Coil with Magnetic Core and Transformer Principles


Magnetic Materials in EMs and Their Losses


Electric Conductors and Their Skin Effects


Components of Single- and 3-Phase Transformers


Flux Linkages and Inductances of Single-Phase Transformers


Circuit Equations of Single-Phase Transformers With Core Losses


Steady State and Equivalent Circuit


No-Load Steady State (I2 = 0)/Lab2.1


Steady-State Short-Circuit Mode/Lab2.2


Single-Phase Transformers: Steady-State Operation on Load/Lab 2.3


Three-Phase Transformers: Phase Connections


Particulars of 3-PhaseTransformersonNoLoad


General Equations of 3-Phase Transformers


Unbalanced Load Steady State in 3-Phase Transformers/Lab2.5


Paralleling3-PhaseTransformers


Transients in Transformers


Instrument Transformers


Autotransformers


Transformers and Inductances for Power Electronics


Preliminary Transformer Design (Sizing) by Example





 


Energy Conversion and Types of Electric Machines


Energy Conversion in Electric Machines


Electromagnetic Torque


Passive Rotor Electric Machines


Active Rotor Electric Machines


Fix Magnetic Field (Brush-Commutator) Electric Machines


Traveling Field Electric Machines


Types of Linear Electric Machines





Brush-Commutator Machines: Steady State


Introduction


 


Brush-Commutator Armature Windings


Brush-Commutator


Airgap Flux Density of Stator Excitation MMF


No-Load Magnetization Curve by Example


PM Airgap Flux Density and Armature Reaction by Example


Commutation Process


EMF


Equivalent Circuit and Excitation Connection


DC Brush Motor/Generator with Separate (or PM) Excitation/Lab4.1


DC Brush PM Motor Steady-State and Speed Control Methods/Lab4.2


DC Brush Series Motor/Lab4.3


AC Brush Series Universal Motor


Testing Brush-Commutator Machines/Lab 4.4


Preliminary Design of a DC Brush PM Automotive Motor by Example





 


Induction Machines: Steady State


Introduction: Applications and Topologies


Construction Elements


AC Distributed Windings


Induction Machine Inductances


Rotor Cage Reduction to the Stator


Wound Rotor Reduction to the Stator


Three-Phase Induction Machine Circuit Equations


Symmetric Steady State of 3-Phase IMs


Ideal No-Load Operation/Lab 5


Zero Speed Operation (S=1)/Lab5.2


No-Load Motor Operation (Free Shaft)/Lab 5.3


Motor Operation on Load (1 > S > 0)/Lab5.4


Generating at Power Grid (n > f1/p1, S < 0)/Lab5.5


Autonomous Generator Mode (S < 0)/Lab5.6


Electromagnetic Torque and Motor Characteristics


Deep-Bar and Dual-Cage Rotors


Parasitic (Space Harmonics)Torques


Starting Methods


Speed Control Methods


Unbalanced Supply Voltages


One Stator Phase Open by Example


One Rotor Phase Open


Capacitor Split-Phase Induction Motors


Linear Induction Motors


Regenerative and Virtual Load Testing of IMs/Lab 5.7


Preliminary Electromagnetic IM Design by Example





 


Synchronous Machines: Steady State


Introduction: Applications and Topologies


Stator (Armature) Windings for SMs


SM Rotors: Airgap Flux Density Distribution and EMF


Two-Reaction Principle via Generator Mode


Armature Reaction and Magnetization Reactances, Xdm and Xqm


Symmetric Steady-State Equations and Phasor Diagram


Autonomous Synchronous Generators


Synchronous Generators at Power Grid/Lab 6.4


Basic Static- and Dynamic-Stability Concepts


Unbalanced Load Steady State of SGs/Lab6.5


Large Synchronous Motors


PM Synchronous Motors: Steady State


Load Torque Pulsations Handling by Synchronous Motors/Generators


Asynchronous Starting of SMs and Their Self-Synchronization to Power Grid


Single-Phase and Split-Phase Capacitor PM Synchronous Motors


Preliminary Design Methodology of a 3-Phase PMSM by Example





 


Part II: Transients





Advanced Models for Electric Machines


Introduction


Orthogonal (dq) Physical Model


Pulsational and Motion-Induced Voltages in dq Models


dq Model of DC Brush PM Motor (ωb =0)


Basic dq Model of Synchronous Machines (ωb =ωr)


Basic dq Model of Induction Machines (ωb = 0,ωr,ω1)


Magnetic Saturation in dq Models


Frequency(Skin) Effect Considerationin dq Models


Equivalence between dq Models and AC Machines


Space Phasor (Complex Variable) Model


High-Frequency Models for Electric Machines





 


Transients of Brush-Commutator DC Machines


Introduction


Orthogonal (dq) Model of DC Brush Machines with Separate Excitation


Electromagnetic (Fast) Transients


Electromechanical Transients


Basic Closed-Loop Control of DC Brush PM Motor


DC–DC Converter-Fed DC Brush PM Motor


Parameters from Test Data/Lab8.1





 


Synchronous Machine Transients


Introduction


Phase Inductances of SMs


Phase Coordinate Model


dq0 Model—Relationships of 3-Phase SM Parameters


Structural Diagram of the SM dq0 Model


pu dq0 Model of SMs


Balanced Steady State via the dq0 Model


Laplace Parameters for Electromagnetic Transients


Electromagnetic Transients at Constant Speed


Sudden 3-Phase Short Circuit from a Generator at No Load/Lab9.1


Asynchronous Running of SMs at a Given Speed


Reduced-Order dq0 Models for Electromechanical Transients


Small-Deviation Electromechanical Transients (in PU)


Large-Deviation Electromechanical Transients


Transients for Controlled Flux and Sinusoidal Current SMs


Transients for Controlled Flux and Rectangular Current SMs


Switched Reluctance Machine Modeling for Transients


Split-Phase Cage Rotor SMs


Standstill Testing for SM Parameters/Lab9.3


Linear Synchronous Motor Transients





 


Transients of Induction Machines


Three-Phase Variable Model


dq (Space Phasor) Model of IMs


Three-Phase IM–dq Model Relationships


Magnetic Saturation and Skin Effects in the dq Model


Space Phasor Model Steady State: Cage and Wound Rotor IMs


Electromagnetic Transients


Three-Phase Sudden Short Circuit/Lab 10.1


Small-Deviation Electromechanical Transients


Large-Deviation Electromechanical Transients/Lab 10.2


Reduced-Order dq Model in Multimachine Transients


m/Nr Actual Winding Modeling of IMs with Cage Faults


Transients for Controlled Magnetic Flux and Variable Frequency


Cage Rotor Constant Stator Flux Transients and Vector Control Basics


Doubly Fed IM as a Brushless Exciter for SMs


Parameter Estimation in Standstill Tests/Lab10.3


Split-Phase Capacitor IM Transients/Lab10.4


Linear Induction Motor Transients





 


Part III: FEM Analysis and Optimal Design





Essentials of Finite Element Method in Electromagnetics


Vectorial Fields


Electromagnetic Fields


Visualization of Fields


Boundary Conditions


Finite Element Method


2DFEM


Analysis with FEM





 


FEM in Electric Machines: Electromagnetic Analysis


Single-Phase Linear PM Motors


Rotary PMSMs (6/4)


The 3-Phase Induction Machines





 


Optimal Design of Electric Machines: The Basics


Electric Machine Design Problem


Optimization Methods


Optimum Current Control


Modified Hooke-Jeeves Optimization Algorithm


Electric Machine Design Using Genetic Algorithms





 


Optimization Design of Surface PMSMs


Design Theme


Electric and Magnetic Loadings


Choosing a Few Dimensioning Factors


A Few Technological Constraints


Choosing Magnetic Materials


Dimensioning Methodology


Optimal Design with Genetic Algorithms


Optimal Design of PMSMs Using Hooke-Jeeves Method





 


Optimization Design of Induction Machines


Realistic Analytical Model for Induction Machine Design


Induction Motor Optimal Design Using Genetic Algorithms


Induction Motor Optimal Design Using Hooke-Jeeves Algorithm


Machine Performance