The Biology and Troubleshooting of Facultative Lagoons

Michael H. Gerardi holds an M.S. in Biology from James Madison University and has served as an expert witness for the US EPA on nitrification and denitrification. In addition to the prior books in Wiley's Wastewater Microbiology series, he has authored more than one hundred technical publications and has provided wastewater microscopy and consulting services for numerous municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. He is an independent consultant and has developed wastewater biology courses for Penn State University and has present course to an audience of over 10,000 operators.

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

PART I OVERVIEW 1

1 Introduction 3

2 Carbon and Energy Substrates 13

3 Microbial Interactions 19

4 The Facultative Lagoon 35

PART II LOWER LIFE FORMS 43

5 Bacteria 45

6 Archaea 59

7 Fungi 65

8 Bioaugmentation 69

9 Purple and Green Sulfur Bacteria 73

10 Pathogens and Disinfection 77

PART III ALGAE 85

11 Green Algae and Diatoms 87

12 Blue]Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) 97

13 Algae, Alkalinity, and pH 105

14 Control Measures for Undesired Algal Growth 111

PART IV HIGHER LIFE FORMS 121

15 Protozoa 123

16 Metazoa 135

PART V PLANTS 143

17 Cattails and Bulrushes 145

18 Duckweed and Watermeal 149

19 Weed Problems 153

PART VI LARGE AQUATIC AND TERRESTIAL ANIMALS 157

20 Insects 159

21 Fish 167

22 Animal Control 171

PART VII SLUDGE AND ODORS 175

23 Sludge Accumulation and Disposal 177

24 Reed Beds 181

25 Odors 183

PART VIII MONITOR ING 189

26 Nitrification 191

27 BOD and TSS 195

28 Monitoring Parameters 199

29 Troubleshooting Notes 203

Bibliography 209

List of Abbreviations 213

Glossary 215

SUBJECT INDEX 223

GENERA AND SPECIES INDEX 227