The American Atom

INTRODUCTION I THE NUCLEAR AGE: BACKGROUND AND VISIONS 1. Nuclear Energy: H. G. Wells's Vision, 1914 2. Leo Szilard and the Discovery of Fission 3. The Szilard-Einstein Letter, August 2, 1939 4. The Frisch-Peierls Memorandum, 1940 5. The MAUD Report, 1941 II THE MANHATTAN PROJECT 6. Letters of J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1942-45 7. The Quebec Agreement, August 19, 1943 8. Anglo-American Declaration of Trust, June 13, 1944 9. Roosevelt-Churchill Hyde Park Aide-Memoire, September 19, 1944 10. O. R. Frisch, Eyewitness Account of "Trinity" Test, July 1945 11. General Groves's Report on "Trinity," July 18, 1945 12. Truman-Stalin Conversation, Potsdam, July 24, 1945 13. Military Policy Committee Minutes, May 5, 1943 14. Stimson and the Interim Committee, May 1945 15. Interim Committee Minutes, May 31, 1945 16. Science Panel: Recommendations on the Immediate Use of Nuclear Weapons, June 16, 1945 17. Stimson and the Scientists' Concerns, June 26, 1945 18. Chicago Scientists' Petition to the President, July 17, 1945 19. White House Press Release on Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 III ATOMIC ENERGY IN A POSTWAR WORLD 20. Henry Stimson to Harry S. Truman, September 11, 1945 21. The McMahon Bill, December 20, 1945 (Atomic Energy Act of 1946) 22. The Baruch Plan 23. "What Is the Atom's Industrial Future?" March 8, 1947 24. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" Address to the United Nations General Assembly 25. Excerpts from President Eisenhower's Press Conference, March 31, 1954 IV THE HYDROGEN BOMB 26. "Political Implications of Detonation of Atomic Bomb by the U.S.S.R.," Department of State, Policy Planning Staff PPS/58, August 16, 1949 27. Statement by the President on Announcing the First Atomic Explosion in the USSR, September 23, 1949 28. USAEC General Advisory Committee Minutes, October 28-30, 1949 29. USAEC General Advisory Committee Report on the "Super," October 30, 1949 30. Lewis Strauss to Harry S. Truman, November 25, 1949 31. Statement by the President on the Hydrogen Bomb, January 31, 1950 32. Hans Bethe, Comments on the History of the H-bomb, 1954 V THE OPPENHEIMER CASE 33. K. D. Nichols, General Manager, AEC, to J. R. Oppenheimer, December 23, 1953 34. J. R. Oppenheimer to K. D. Nichols, March 4, 1954 35. Testimony in the Matter of J, Robert Oppenheimer 36, Findings on the Case of J. Robert Oppenheimer: K. D. Nichols to the USAEC, June 12, 1954 37. Arthur Holly Compton to Gordon Gray, April 21, 1954, "Evidence Regarding Loyalty of Robert Oppenheimer VI NUCLEAR TESTING AND THE TEST BAN 38. Announced Nuclear Tests, 1945-52 39. Reported Nuclear Test Explosions, 1945-68 40. "Civil Defense Faces New Perils," Ralph E. Lapp, 1954 41. Atomic Energy Commission Meeting 1376, May 21, 1958 42. Atomic Energy Commission Meeting 1377, May 28, 1958 43. W. K. Wyant, Jr., "50,000 Baby Teeth," The Nation, June 13, 1959 44. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water, August 5, 1963 45. Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests, July 3, 1974 46. Protocol to the Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Reepublics on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Weapon Tests, July 3, 1937 VII DETERRENCE 47. Bernard Brodie, The Absolute Weapon, 1946 48. John Foster Dulles on "Massive Retaliation," 1954 49. Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War, 1960 50. Robert McNamara and Counterforce "No Cities" Doctrine, 1962 51. Presidential Directive 59, 1980 52. President Ronald Reagan on Deterrence, November 23, 1982 VI ARMS CONTROL 53. "Broken Arrows": Nuclear Weapons Accidents, 1950-68 54. White House Statement on the Soviet Missile Sites in Cuba, October 26, 1962 55, White House Statement on Soviet Proposals Relating to International Security, October 27, 1962 56. Message to Chairman Khrushchev Calling for Removal of Soviet Missiles From Cuba, October 27, 1962 57. Message in Reply to a Broadcast by Chairman Khrushchev on the Cuban Crisis, October 28, 1962 58. Statement by the President Following the Soviet Decision to Withdraw Missiles from Cuba, October 28, 1952 59. Memorandum of Understanding between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Regarding the Establishment of a Direct Communications Link, June 20, 1963 (with Annex) 60. Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, March 5, 1970 61. Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the L... 62. Interim Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republi... 63. USA-USSR Agreement to Reduce the Risk of Nuclear War Outbreak, September 30, 1972 64. Protocol to the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Re... 65. Salt II Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ... 66. U.S. Bishops' Pastoral Letter on War and Peace: A Summary 67. William P. Clark, National Security Council, to Archbishop Joseph L. Bernadin, Chairman of the N... IX NUCLEAR POWER 68. Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (selections) 69. Report of the AEC Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards on the Fermi Nuclear Power Plant, 195... 70. AFL-CIO Statement on Fermi, 1956 71. Preliminary Report on Fuel Damage in Fermi Reactor, 1966 72. Calved Cliffs Coordinating Committee versus U.S. Atomic Energy Committee, 1971 73. Three Mile Island; Nuclear News Special Report, April 6, 1979 X AFTERWORD INDEX