Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures, Second Edition

Introduction
General
Geography
Ecological Environment
Legal Jurisdiction
Offshore Construction Relationships and Sequences
Typical Marine Structures
Interaction of Design and Construction
Physical Environmental Aspects of Marine and Offshore Construction
General
Distances and Depths
Hydrostatic Pressure and Buoyancy
Temperature
Seawater and Sea-Air Interface
Currents
Waves and Swells
Winds and Storms
Tides and Storm Surges
Rain, Snow, Fog, Whiteout, and Spray; Atmospheric Icing, Lightning
Sea Ice and Icebergs
Seismicity, Seaquakes, and Tsunamis
Floods
Geotechnical Aspects: Seafloor and Marine Soils
General
Dense Sands
Calcareous Sands
Boulders on and near the Seafloor Surface; Glacial Till
Overconsolidated Silts
Subsea Permafrost and Clathrates
Weak Arctic Silts and Clays
Ice Scour and Pingos
Methane Gas
Muds and Clays
Coral and Similar Biogenic Soils; Cemented Soils
Unconsolidated Sands
Underwater Sand Dunes ("Megadunes")
Rock Outcrops
Cobbles
Deep Gravel Deposits
Seafloor Oozes
Seafloor Instability and Slumping; Turbidity Currents
Concluding Remarks Concerning Seafloor Construction
Ecological and Societal Impacts of Marine Construction
General
Oil and Petroleum Products
Toxic Chemicals
Contaminated Soils
Construction Wastes
Turbidity
Sediment Transport, Scour and Erosion
Air Pollution
Marine Life: Mammals and Birds, Fish, and Other Biota
Aquifers
Noise
Highway, Rail, Barge, and Air Traffic
Protection of Existing Structures
Vibration
Safety of the Public-Other Vessels
Materials and Fabrication for Offshore Structures
Steel Structures for the Offshore Environment
Structural Concrete
Hybrid Steel-Concrete Structures
Plastics and Synthetic Materials
Titanium
Rock, Sand, and Asphaltic-Bituminous Material
Marine and Offshore Construction Equipment
General
Basic Motions in a Seaway
Buoyancy, Draft, and Freeboard
Stability
Damage Control
Barges
Crane Barges
Offshore Derrick Barges (Fully Revolving)
Catamaran Barges
Semisubmersible Barges
Jack-Up Construction Barges
Launch Barges
Offshore Dredges
Pipelaying Barges
Supply Boats
Anchor-Handling Boats
Towboats
Drilling Vessels
Crew Boats
Floating Concrete Plant
MARINE OPERATIONS
Towing
Moorings and Anchors
Handling Heavy Loads at Sea
Personnel Transfer at Sea
Underwater Intervention, Diving, Underwater Work Systems, ROV's, and Manipulators
Underwater Concreting and Grouting
Offshore Surveying and Navigation, and Sea-Floor Surveys
Temporary Buoyancy Augmentation
SEAFLOOR MODIFICATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS
General
Controls for Grade and Position; Determination of Existing Conditions
Seafloor Dredging and Obstruction Removal
Dredging and Removal of Hard Material and Rock
Placement of Underwater Fills
Prevention of Liquefaction
Scour Protection
Concluding Remarks
INSTALLATION OF PILES IN MARINE AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
General
Fabrication of Tubular Steel Piles
Transportation of Piling
Installing Piles
Methods of Increasing Penetration
Insert Piles
Anchoring into Rock or Hardpan
Damaged Piles
Prestressed Concrete Piles for Marine Structures
Handling and Positioning of Piles
Drilled and Grouted Piles
Belled Footings
Other Installation Methods and Practices
Improving the Capacity of Offshore Piles
HARBOR, RIVER, AND ESTUARY STRUCTURES
General
Harbor Structures
River Structures
Piers for Overwater Bridges
Submerged Prefabricated Tunnels (Tubes) and Storm Surge Barriers
Storm Surge Barriers
Control Structures
COASTAL STRUCTURES
General
Ocean Outfalls and Intakes
Breakwaters
Offshore Terminals
OFFSHORE PLATFORMS: STEEL JACKETS AND PIN PILES
General
Fabrication of Steel Jackets
Loadout, Tie-Down, and Transport
Removal of Jacket from Transport Barge; Lifting; Launching
Upending of Jacket
Installation of the Seafloor
Pile and Conductor Installation
Deck Installation
Examples
CONCRETE OFFSHORE PLATFORMS: GRAVITY-BASED STRUCTURES
General
Construction Stages
Enhancing Caisson-Foundation Interaction
Sub-Base Construction
Platform Removal
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF OFFSHORE CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
General
Hybrid Concrete-Steel Platforms
Single-Point Moorings
Articulated Columns
Seafloor Templates
Underwater Oil Storage Vessels
Cable Arrays, Moored Buoys, and Seafloor Deployment
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems
MOORED FLOATING STRUCTURES
General
Fabrication of Concrete Floating Structures
Launching
Use of Concrete Barges for Cryogenic Service: FPSO's for LPG and LNG
Steel Structures for Permanently Floating Service
Mating Afloat
INSTALLATION OF SUBMARINE PIPELINES
General
Conventional S-Lay Barge
Bottom-Pull Method
Reel Barge
Surface Float
Controlled Underwater Flotation (Controlled Subsurface Float)
Controlled Above-Bottom Pull
J-Tube Method: Single- and Double-Pull
J-Lay from Barge
S-Curve with Collapsible Floats
Bundled Pipes
Directional Drilling
Laying under Ice
Protection of Pipelines: Burial and Covering with Rock
Support of Pipelines
PLASTIC AND COMPOSITE PIPELINES, CABLES
Submarine Pipelines of Composite Materials and Plastics
Cable Laying
TOPSIDE INSTALLATION
General
Module Erection
Hook-up
Giant Modules and Transfer of Complete Deck by Heavy Lift
Float-Over Deck Structures
Integrated Deck
UNDERWATER REPAIRS
General
Repairs to Steel Jacket-Type Structures
Repairs to Steel Piling
Repairs to Concrete Offshore Structures
Repairs to Foundations
Fire Damage
Pipeline Repairs
STRENGTHENING EXISTING STRUCTURES
General
Strengthening of Offshore Platforms and Terminals, Members, or Assemblies
Increasing Capacity of Existing Piles for Axial Loads
Increasing Lateral Capacity of Piles and Structure in Interaction with Seafloor Soils
Seismic Retrofit
REMOVAL AND SALVAGE
General
Piled Structures (Terminals, Trestles, Shallow-Water Platforms)
Offshore Drilling and Production Platforms (Jackets with Piles)
Gravity-Base Platforms
New Developments in Salvage Techniques
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
General
Construction Stages
Principles of Construction
Facilities and Methods for Fabrication and Launching
Assembly and Jointing Afloat
Material Selection and Procedures
Construction Procedures
Access
Tolerances
Survey Control
Quality Control and Assurance
Safety
Control of Construction: Feedback and Modification
Contingency Planning
Manuals
On-Site Instruction Sheets
Risk and Reliability Evaluation
CONSTRUCTION IN THE DEEP SEA
General
Considerations and Phenomena for Deep Sea Operations
Techniques for Deep-Sea Construction
Properties of materials for the Deep Sea
Platforms in the Deep Sea, Compliant Structures
Tension Leg Platforms
SPARS
Deep Water Moorings
Construction Operations on the Deep Seafloor
Deep Water Pipelaying
Deep Water Bridge Piers
ARCTIC MARINE STRUCTURES
General
Sea Ice and Icebergs
Atmospheric Conditions
Arctic Seafloor and Geotechnics
Oceanographic
Ecological Considerations
Logistics and Operations
Earthwork in the Arctic Offshore
Ice Structures
Steel and Concrete Structures for the Arctic
Deployment of Structures in the Arctic
Installation at Site
Ice Condition Surveys and Ice Management
Durability
Constructibility
Pipeline Installation
Current Arctic Developments
EPILOGUE
REFERENCES