Principles of Tissue Engineering

Robert Lanza is an American scientist and author whose research spans the range of natural science, from biology to theoretical physics. TIME magazine recognized him as one of the “100 Most Influential People in the World,” and Prospect magazine named him one of the Top 50 “World Thinkers.” He has hundreds of scientific publications and over 30 books, including definitive references in the fields of stem cells, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. He’s a former Fulbright Scholar and studied with polio-pioneer Jonas Salk and Nobel laureates Gerald Edelman (known for his work on the biological basis of consciousness) and Rodney Porter. He also worked closely (and co-authored papers in Science on self-awareness and symbolic communication) with noted Harvard psychologist BF Skinner. Dr. Lanza was part of the team that cloned the world’s first human embryo, the first endangered species, and published the first-ever reports of pluripotent stem cell use in humans. Robert Langer received honorary doctorates from the ETH (Switzerland) in 1996 and the Technion (Israel) in 1997. Dr. Langer is the Kenneth J. Germeshausen Professor of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering at MIT. He received a Bachelor’s Degree from Cornell University in 1970 and a Sc.D. from MIT in 1974, both in chemical engineering. Dr. Langer has written 590 articles, 400 abstracts, 350 patents, and has edited 12 books.Dr. Langer has received over 70 major awards, including the Gairdner Foundation International Award, the Lemelson-MIT prize, the American Chemical Society (ACS) Polymer Chemistry and Applied Polymer Science Awards, Creative Polymer Chemistry Award (ACS, Polymer Division), the Pearlman Memorial Lectureship Award (ACD, Biochemical Technology Division), and the A.I.Ch.E’s Walker, Professional Progress, Bioengineering, and Stine Materials Science and Engineering Awards. In 1989, Dr. Langer was elected to the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1992 he was elected to both the National Academy of Engineering and to the National Academy of Sciences. He is the only active member of all 3 United States National Academies. Dr. Joseph P. Vacanti received his M.D. degree from the university of Nebraska in 1974. He received his training in general surgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1974 through 1981 and in pediatric surgery at The Children’s Hospital, Boston from 1981 through 1983. He then received clinical training in transplantation from the University of Pittsburgh. He spent two years in the laboratories of Dr. M. Judah Folkman working in the filed on angiogenesis from 1977 through 1979. Upon completion of his training, Dr. Vacanti joined the staff in surgery at children’s Hospital in Boston and began clinical programs in pediatric liver transplantation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. In the laboratory, he continued studies in and began work in the filed of tissue engineering in 1985. Dr. Vacanti is now John Homans Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School, Visiting surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital, director of the Wellman 6 Surgical laboratories, director of the Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication and Director of Pediatric Transplantation at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. He has authored more than 120 original reports, 30 book chapters, and 197 abstracts. He has more than 25 patents or patents pending in the United States, Europe, and Japan.

INTRODUCTION TO TISSUE ENGINEERING

1. The History and Scope of Tissue Engineering
Joseph P. Vacanti and Charles A. Vacanti

2. The Challenge of Imitating Nature
Robert M. Nerem

3. Moving into the Clinic
Alan J. Russell and Timothy Bertram

4. Future Perspectives
Mark E. Furth and Anthony Atala

PART ONE: THE BASIS OF GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION

5. Molecular Biology of the Cell
Jonathan Slack

6. Organization of Cells into Higher-Ordered Structures
Jon D. Ahlstrom and Carol A. Erickson

7. Dynamics of Cell-ECM Interactions
M. Petreaca and Manuela Martins-Green

8. Matrix Molecules and Their Ligands
Bjorn Reino Olsen

9. Morphogenesis and Tissue Engineering
A.H. Reddi

10. Gene Expression, Cell Determination and Differentiation
William Nikovits, Jr. and Frank E. Stockdale

PART TWO: IN VITRO CONTROL OF TISSUE DEVELOPMENT

11. Engineering Functional Tissues
Lisa E. Freed and Farshid Guilak

12. Principles of Tissue Culture and Bioreactor Design
R.I. Freshney, B. Obradovic, W. Grayson, C. Cannizzaro and Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic

13. Regulation of Cell Behavior by Extracellular Proteins
Amy Bradshaw and E. Helene Sage

14. Growth Factors
Thomas F. Deuel and Yunchao Chang

15. Mechanochemical Control of Cell Fate Switching
Donald E. Ingber

PART THREE: IN VIVO SYNTHESIS OF TISSUES AND ORGANS

16. In Vivo Synthesis of Tissues and Organs
Brendan A. Harley and Ioannis V. Yannas


PART FOUR: MODELS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING

17. Models as Precursors for Prosthetic Devices
Eugene Bell

18. Quantitative Aspects
Alan J. Grodzinsky, Roger D. Kamm, and Douglas A. Lauffenburger

PART FIVE: BIOMATERIALS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING

19. Micro-Scale Patterning of Cells and Their Environment
Xingyu Jiang, Shuichi Takayama, Robert G. Chapman, Ravi S. Kane and George M. Whitesides

20. Cell Interactions with Polymers
W. Mark Saltzman and Themis R. Kyriakides

21. Matrix Effects
Jeffrey A. Hubbell

22. Polymer Scaffold Fabrication
Matthew B. Murphy and Antonios G. Mikos

23. Biodegradable Polymers
James M. Pachence, Michael P. Bohrer and Joachim Kohn

24. Micro- and Nanofabricated Scaffolds
Christopher J. Bettinger, Jeffrey T. Borenstein and Robert Langer

25. Three-Dimensional Scaffolds
Ying Luo, George Engelmayr, Debra T. Auguste, Lino da Silva Ferreira, Jeffrey M. Karp, Rajiv Saigal and Robert Langer


PART SIX: TRANSPLANTATION OF ENGINEERED CELLS AND TISSUES

26. Tissue Engineering and Transplantation in the Fetus
Dario O. Fauza

27. Immunomodulation
Denise L. Faustman

28. Immunoisolation
Beth A. Zielinski and Michael J. Lysaght

29. Engineering Challenges in Immunobarrier Device Development
Amy S. Lewis and Clark K. Colton


PART SEVEN: STEM CELLS

30. Embryonic Stem Cells
Alan Trounson

31. Adult Epithelial Tissue Stem Cells
Christopher S. Potten and James W. Wilson

32. Embryonic Stem Cells as a Cell Source for Tissue Engineering
Ali Khademhosseini, Jeffrey M. Karp, Sharon Gerecht, Lino Ferreira, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic and Robert Langer

33. Postnatal Stem Cells
Pamela Gehron Robey and Paulo Bianco

PART EIGHT: GENE THERAPY

34. Gene Therapy
Ronald G. Crystal and Stefan Worgall

35. Gene Delivery into Cells and Tissues
Ales Prokop and Jeffrey M. Davidson


PART NINE: BREAST

36. Breast Reconstruction
Lamont Cathey, Kuen Yong Lee, Walter D. Holder, David J. Mooney and Craig R. Halberstadt

PART TEN: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

37. Progenitor Cells and Cardiac Homeostasis
Annarosa Leri, Toru Hosoda, Marcello Rota, Claudia Bearzi, Konrad Urbanek, Roberto Bolli, Jan Kejstura and Piero Anversa

38. Cardiac-Tissue Engineering
M. Radisic, H. Park and G. Vunjak-Novakovic

39. Blood Vessels
Luke Brewster, Eric M. Brey and Howard P. Greisler

40. Heart Valves
Peter Marc Fong, Jason Park and Christopher Kane Breuer


PART ELEVEN: ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM

41. Generation of Islets from Stem Cells
Bernat Soria, Abdelkrim Hmadcha, Francisco J. Bedoya and Juan R. Tejedo

42. Bioartificial Pancreas
Athanassios Sambanis

43. Engineering Pancreatic Beta-Cells
Hee-Sook Jun and Ji-Won Yoon

44. Thymus and Parathyroid Organogenesis
Craig Scott Nowell, Ellen Richie, Nancy Ruth Manley and Catherine Clare Blackburn

PART TWELVE: GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

45. Adult Stem Cells in Normal Gastrointestinal Function and Inflammatory Disease
Mairi Brittan and Nicholas A. Wright

46. Alimentary Tract
Shaun M. Kunisaki and Joseph Vacanti

47. Liver Stem Cells
Eric Lagasse

48. Liver
Gregory H. Underhill, Salman R. Khetani, Alice A. Chen and Sangeeta N. Bhatia

PART THIRTEEN: HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM

49. Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Malcolm A.S. Moore

50. Red Blood Cell Substitutes
Thomas M. S. Chang

51. Lymphoid Cells
Una Chen

PART FOURTEEN: KIDNEY AND GENITOURINARY SYSTEM

52. Stem Cells in Kidney Development and Regeneration
Gregory R. Dressler

53. Renal Replacement Devices
H. David Humes

54. Genitourinary System
Anthony Atala

PART FIFTEEN: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

55. Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Faye H. Chen, Lin Song, Robert L. Mauck, Wan-Ju Li and Rocky S. Tuan

56. Bone Regeneration
Chantal E. Holy, F. Jerry Volenec, Jeffrey Geesin and Scott P. Bruder

57. Bone and Cartilage Reconstruction
Wei Liu, Wenjie Zhang and Yilin Cao

58. Regeneration and Replacement of the Intervertebral Disc
Lori A. Setton, Lawrence J. Bonassar and Koichi Masuda

59. Articular Cartilage Injury
Joseph A. Buckwalter, J.L. Marsh, T. Brown, A. Amendola and J.A. Martin

60. Tendons and Ligaments
Francine Goulet, Lucie Germain, A. Robin Poole and Francois A. Auger

61. Mechanosensory Mechanisms in Bone
Upma Sharma, Antonios G. Mikos and Stephen C. Cowin

62. Skeletal-Tissue Engineering
Matthew D. Kwan, Derrick C. Wan and Michael T. Longaker


PART SIXTEEN: NERVOUS SYSTEM

63. Neural Stem Cells
Lorenz Studer

64. Brain Implants
Lars U. Wahlberg

65. Spinal Cord Injury
John W. McDonald and Daniel Becker

66. Protection and Repair of Audition
Richard Altschuler, Yehoash Raphael, David C. Martin, Jochen Schacht, David J. Anderson and Josef M. Miller

PART SEVENTEEN:OPHTHALMIC APPLICATIONS

67. Stem Cells in the Eye
Michael E. Boulton, Julie Albon and Maria B. Grant

68. Corneal-Tissue Replacement
Jeffrey W. Ruberti, James D. Zieske and Vickery Trinkaus-Randall

69. Vision Enhancement Systems
Gislin Dagnelie


PART EIGHTEEN: ORAL/DENTAL APPLICATIONS

70. Biological Tooth Replacement and Repair
Anthony J. (Tony) Smith and Paul T. Sharpe

71. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Simon Young, Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Antonios G. Mikos and Mark Eu-Kien Wong

72. Periodontal-Tissue Engineering
Hai Zhang, Hanson K. Fong, William V. Giannobile and Martha J. Somerman


PART NINETEEN: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

73. Progenitor Cells in the Respiratory System
Valérie Besnard and Jeffrey A. Whitsett

74. Lungs
Anne E. Bishop and Julia A. Polak


PART TWENTY: SKIN

75. Cutaneous Stem Cells
George Cotsarelis

76. Wound Repair
Kaustabh Ghosh and Richard A.F. Clark

77. Bioengineered Skin Constructs
Vincent Falanga and Katie Faria


PART TWENTY-ONE: CLINICAL EXPERIENCE

78.Current State of Clinical Application
Shaun M. Kunisaki and Dario O. Fauza

79. Tissue-Engineered Skin Products
Jonathan Mansbridge

80. Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Products
David W. Levine

81. Tissue-Engineered Bone Products
John F. Kay

82. Tissue-Engineered Cardiovascular Products
Thomas Eschenhagen, Herrmann Reichenspurner and Wolfmram-Hubertus Zimmermann

83. Tissue-Engineered Organs
Steve J. Hodges and Anthony Atala

PART TWENTY-TWO: REGULATION AND ETHICS

84. The Tissue-Engineering Industry
Michael J. Lysaght, Elizabeth Deweerd and Ana Jaklenec

85. The Regulatory Path From Concept to Market
Kiki B. Hellman
86. Ethical Issues
Laurie Zoloth

Epilogue
Joseph P. Vacanti