Electric Power Distribution System Engineering, Second Edition

California State University, Sacramento, USA

Distribution System Planning and Automation
Introduction
Distribution System Planning
Factors Affecting System Planning
Present Distribution System Planning Techniques
Distribution System Planning Models
Distribution System Planning in the Future
Future Nature of Distribution Planning
The Central Role of the Computer in Distribution Planning
Impact of Dispersed Storage and Generation
Distribution System Automation
Summary and Conclusions
References Load Characteristics
Basic Definitions
The Relationship Between the Load and Loss Factors
Maximum Diversified Demand
Load Forecasting
Load Management
Rate Structure
Problems
References Application of Distribution Transformers
Introduction
Types of Distribution Transformers
Regulation
Transformer Efficiency
Terminal or Lead Markings
Transformer Polarity
Distribution Transformer Loading Guides
Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
Single-Phase Transformer Connections
Three-Phase Connections
Three-Phase Transformers
The T or Scott Connection
The Autotransformer
The Booster Transformers
Amorphous Metal Distribution Transformers
Problems
References
Design of Subtransmission Lines and Distribution Substations
Introduction
Subtransmission
Distribution Substations
Substation Bus Schemes
Substation Location
The Rating of a Distribution Substation
General Case: Substation Service Area with n Primary Feeders
Comparison of the Four-and Six-Feeder Patterns
Derivation of the K Constant
Substation Application Curves
Interpretation of the Percent Voltage Drop Formula
Supervisory Data and Data Acquisition
Advanced SCADA Concepts
Advanced Developments for Integrated Substation Automation
Capability of Facilities
Substation Grounding
Transformer Classification
Problems
References Design Considerations of Primary Systems
Introduction
Radial-Type Primary Feeder
Loop-Type Primary Feeder
Primary Network
Primary-Feeder Voltage Levels
Primary-Feeder Loading
Tie Lines
Distribution Feeder Exit: Rectangular-Type Development
Radial-Type Development
Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load
Radial Feeders with Nonuniformly Distributed Load
Application of the A,B,C,D General Circuit Constants to Radial Feeders
The Design of Radial Primary Distribution Systems
Primary System Costs
Problems
References
Design Considerations of Secondary Systems
Introduction
Secondary Voltage Levels
The Present Design Practice
Secondary Banking
The Secondary Networks
Spot Networks
Economic Design of Secondaries
Unbalanced Load and Voltages
Secondary System Costs
Problems
References Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculations
Three-Phase Balanced Primary Lines
Nonthree-Phase Primary Lines
Four-Wire Multigrounded Common Neutral Distribution System
Percent Power (or Copper) Loss
A Method to Analyze Distribution Costs
Economic Analysis of Equipment Losses
Problems
References
Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems
Basic Definitions
Power Capacitors
Effects of Series and Shunt Capacitors
Power Factor Correction
Application of Capacitors
Economic Justification for Capacitors
A Practical Procedure to Determine the Best Capacitor Location
A Mathematical Procedure to Determine the Optimum Capacitor Allocation
Capacitor Tank Rupture Considerations
Dynamic Behavior of Distribution Systems
Problems
References Distribution System Voltage Regulation
Basic Definitions
Quality of Service and Voltage Standards
Voltage Control
Feeder Voltage Regulators
Line-Drop Compensation
Distribution Capacitor Automation
Voltage Fluctuations
Problems
References Distribution System Protection
Basic Definitions
Overcurrent Protection Devices
Objective of Distribution System Protection
Coordination of Protective Devices
Fuse-to-Fuse Coordination
Recloser-to-Recloser Coordination
Recloser-to-Fuse Coordination
Recloser-to-Substation Transformer High-Side Fuse Coordination
Fuse-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination
Recloser-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination
Fault Current Calculations
Fault Current Calculations in Per Units
Secondary System Fault Current Calculations
High-Impedance Faults
Lightning Protection
Insulators
Problems
References Distribution System Reliability
Basic Definitions
National Electric Reliability Council
Appropriate Levels of Distribution Reliability
Basic Reliability Concepts and Mathematics
Series Systems
Parallel Systems
Series and Parallel Combinations
Markov Processes
Development of the State Transition Model to Determine the Steady-State Probabilities
Distribution Reliability Indices
Sustained Interruption Indices
Other Indices (Momentary)
Load-and Energy-Based Indices
Usage of Reliability Indices
Benefits of Reliability Modeling in System Performance
Economics of Reliability Assessment
Problems
References Electric Power Quality
Basic Definitions
Definition of Electric Power Quality
Classification of Power Quality
Types of Disturbances
Measurements of Electric Power Quality
Power in Passive Elements
Harmonic Distortion Limits
Effects of Harmonics
Sources of Harmonics
Derating Transformers
Neutral Conductor Overloading
Capacitor Banks and PF Correction
Short-Circuit Capacity or MVA
Bus Voltage Rise and Resonance
Harmonic Amplification
Resonance
Harmonic Control Solutions
Harmonic Filter Design
Load Modeling In The Presence Of Harmonics
Problems
References
Appendix A: Impedance Tables for Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables
Appendix B: Graphic Symbols Used in Distribution System Design
Appendix C: Glossary for Distribution System Terminology
Appendix D: The Per-Unit System
Notation
Answers to Selected Problems Index