Introductory Circuit Analysis

Chapter 1: Introduction

 

1.1   The Electrical/Electronics Industry

1.2   A Brief History

1.3   Units of Measurement

1.4   Systems of Units

1.5   Significant Figures, Accuracy, and Rounding Off

1.6   Powers of Ten

1.7   Fixed-Point, Floating-Point, Scientific, and Engineering Notation

1.8   Conversion between Levels of Powers of Ten

1.9   Conversion within and between Systems of Units

1.10  Symbols

1.11  Conversion Tables

1.12  Calculators

1.13  Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 2: Voltage and Current

 

2.1   Introduction

2.2   Atoms and Their Structure

2.3   Voltage

2.4   Current

2.5   Voltage Sources

2.6   Ampere-Hour Rating

2.7   Battery Life Factors

2.8   Conductors and Insulators

2.9   Semiconductors

2.10  Ammeters and Voltmeters

2.11  Applications

2.12  Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 3: Resistance

 

3.1   Introduction

3.2   Resistance: Circular Wires

3.3   Wire Tables

3.4   Resistance: Metric Units

3.5   Temperature Effects

3.6   Superconductors

3.7   Types of Resistors

3.8   Color Coding and Standard Resistor Values

3.9   Conductance

3.10  Ohmmeters

3.11  Thermistors

3.12  Photoconductive Cell

3.13  Varistors

3.14  Applications

3.15  Mathcad

 

Chapter 4: Ohm’s Law, Power, and Energy

 

4.1   Introduction

4.2   Ohm’s Law

4.3   Plotting Ohm’s Law

4.4   Power

4.5   Energy

4.6   Efficiency

4.7   Circuit Breakers, GFCIs, and Fuses

4.8   Applications

4.9   Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 5: Series dc Circuits

 

5.1   Introduction

5.2   Series Resistors

5.3   Series Circuits

5.4   Power Distribution in a Series Circuit

5.5   Voltage Sources in Series

5.6   Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

5.7   Voltage Division in a Series Circuit

5.8   Interchanging Series Elements

5.9   Notation

5.10  Voltage Regulation and Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources

5.11  Loading Effects of Instruments

5.12  Protoboards (Breadboards)

5.13  Applications

5.14  Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 6: Parallel dc Circuits

 

6.1   Introduction

6.2   Parallel Resistors

6.3   Parallel Circuits

6.4   Power Distribution in a Parallel Circuit

6.5   Kirchhoff’s Current Law

6.6   Current Divider Rule

6.7   Voltage Sources in Parallel

6.8   Open and Short Circuits

6.9   Voltmeter Loading Effects

6.10  Summary Table

6.11  Troubleshooting Techniques

6.12  Protoboards (Breadboards)

6.13  Applications

6.14  Computer Analysis

 

 

Chapter 7: Series-Parallel Circuits

 

7.1   Introduction

7.2   Series-Parallel Networks

7.3   Reduce and Return Approach

7.4   Block Diagram Approach

7.5   Descriptive Examples

7.6   Ladder Networks

7.7   Voltage Divider Supply (Unloaded and Loaded)

7.8   Potentiometer Loading

7.9   Ammeter, Voltmeter, and Ohmmeter Design

7.10  Applications

7.11  Computer Analysis

 

 

Chapter 8: Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (dc)

8.1   Introduction

8.2   Current Sources

8.3   Source Conversions

8.4   Current Sources in Parallel

8.5   Current Sources in Series

8.6   Branch-Current Analysis

8.7   Mesh Analysis (General Approach)

8.8   Mesh Analysis (Format Approach)

8.9   Nodal Analysis (General Approach)

8.10  Nodal Analysis (Format Approach)

8.11  Bridge Networks

8.12  Y-Δ (T-π) and Δ-Y (π-T) Conversions

8.13  Applications

8.14  Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 9: Network Theorems

 

9.1   Introduction

9.2   Superposition Theorem

9.3   Thevenin’s Theorem

9.4   Norton’s Theorems

9.5   Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

9.6   Millman’s Theorem

9.7   Substitution Theorem

9.8   Reciprocity Theorem

9.9   Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 10: Capacitors

 

10.1  Introduction

10.2  The Electric Field

10.3  Capacitance

10.4  Capacitors

10.5  Transients in Capacitive Networks: The Charging Phase

10.6  Transients in Capacitive Networks: The Discharging Phase

10.7  Initial Conditions

10.8  Instantaneous Values

10.9  Thevenin Equivalent: τ = RThC

10.10 The Current ic  

10.11 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel

10.12 Energy Stored by a Capacitor

10.13 Stray Capacitances

10.14 Applications

10.15 Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 11: Inductors

 

11.1  Introduction

11.2  The Magnetic Field

11.3  Inductance

11.4  The Induced Voltage vL

11.5  R-L Transients: The Storage Phase

11.6  Initial Conditions

11.7  R-L Transients: The Release Phase

11.8  Thevenin Equivalent: τ = L/RTh

11.9  Instantaneous Values

11.10 Average Induces Voltage: vLav

11.11 Inductors in Series and in Parallel

11.12 Steady-State Conditions

11.13 Energy Stored by an Inductor

11.14 Applications

11.15 Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 12: Magnetic Circuits

 

12.1  Introduction

12.2  Magnetic Field

12.3  Reluctance

12.4  Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits

12.5  Magnetizing Force

12.6  Hysteresis

12.7  Ampere’s Circuital Law

12.8  The Flux $

12.9  Series Magnetic Circuits: Determining NI

12.10 Air Gaps

12.11 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits

12.12 Determining $

12.13 Applications

 

 

Chapter 13: Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms

 

13.1  Introduction

13.2  Sinusoidal ac Voltage Characteristics and Definitions

13.3  Frequency Spectrum

13.4  The Sinusoidal Waveform

13.5  General Format for the Sinusoidal Voltage or Current

13.6  Phase Relations

13.7  Average Value

13.8  Effective (rms) Values

13.9  ac Meters and Instruments

13.10 Applications

13.11 Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 14: The Basic Elements and Phasors

 

14.1  Introduction

14.2  The Derivative

14.3  Response of Basic R, L, and C Elements to a Sinusoidal Voltage or Current

14.4  Frequency Response of the Basic Elements

14.5  Average Power and Power Factor

14.6  Complex Numbers

14.7  Rectangular Form

14.8  Polar Form

14.9  Conversion Between Forms

14.10 Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers

14.11 Calculator and Computer Methods with Complex Numbers

14.12 Phasors

14.13 Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 15: Series and Parallel ac Circuits

 

15.1  Introduction

15.2  Impedance and the Phasor Diagram

15.3  Series Configuration

15.4  Voltage Divider Rule

15.5  Frequency response for Series ac Circuits

15.6  Summary: Series ac Circuits

15.7  Admittance and Susceptance

15.8  Parallel ac Networks

15.9  Current Divider Rule

15.10 Frequency Response of Parallel Elements

15.11 Summary: Parallel ac Networks

15.12 Equivalent Circuits

15.13 Phase Measurements

15.14 Applications

15.15 Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 16:Series-Parallel ac Networks

 

16.1  Introduction

16.2  Illustrative Examples

16.3  Ladder Networks

16.4  Grounding

16.5  Applications

16.6  Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 17: Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (ac)

 

17.1  Introduction

17.2  Independent versus Dependent (Controlled) Sources

17.3  Source Conversions

17.4  Mesh Analysis

17.5  Nodal Analysis

17.6  Bridge Networks (ac)

17.7  Δ-Y, Y-Δ Conversions

17.8  Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 18: Network Theorems (ac)

 

18.1  Introduction

18.2  Superposition Theorem

18.3  Thevenin’s Theorem

18.4  Norton’s Theorem

18.5  Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

18.6  Substitution, Reciprocity, and Millman’s Theorems

18.7  Application

18.8  Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 19: Power (ac)

 

19.1  Introduction

19.2  General Equation

19.3  Resistive Circuit

19.4  Apparent Power

19.5  Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power

19.6  Capacitive Circuit

19.7  The Power Triangle

19.8  The Total P, Q, and S

19.9  Power-Factor Correction

19.10 Power Meters

19.11 Effective Resistance

19.12 Applications

19.13 Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 20: Resonance

 

20.1  Introduction

20.2  Series Resonant Circuit

20.3  The Quality Factor (Q)

20.4  ZT versus Frequency

20.5  Selectivity

20.6  VR, VL, and VC

20.7  Examples (Series Resonance)

20.8  Parallel Resonant Circuit

20.9  Selectivity Curve for Parallel Resonant Circuits

20.10 Effect of Ql ≥ 10

20.11 Summary Table

20.12 Examples (Parallel Resonance)

20.13 Applications

20.14 Computer Analysis

 

 

Chapter 21: Decibels, Filters, and Bode Plots

 

21.1  Logarithms

21.2  Properties of Logarithms

21.3  Decibels

21.4  Filters

21.5  R-C Low-Pass Filter

21.6  R-C High-Pas Filter

21.7  Pass-Band Filters

21.8  Stop-Band Filters

21.9  Double-Tuned Filter

21.10 Bode Plots

21.11 Sketching the Bode Response

21.12 Low-Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation

21.13 High-Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation

21.14 Other Properties and a Summary Table

21.15 Crossover Networks

21.16 Applications

21.17 Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 22: Transformers

 

22.1  Introduction

22.2  Mutual Inductance

22.3  The Iron-Core Transformer

22.4  Reflected Impedance and Power

22.5  Impedance Matching, Isolation, and Displacement

22.6  Equivalent Circuit (Iron-Core Transformer)

22.7  Frequency Considerations

22.8  Series Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils

22.9  Air-Core Transformer

22.10 Nameplate Data

22.11 Types of Transformers

22.12 Tapped and Multiple-load Transformers

22.13 Networks with Magnetically Coupled Coils

22.14 Applications

22.15 Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 23: Polyphase Systems

 

23.1  Introduction

23.2  The Three-Phase Generator

23.3  The Y-Connected Generator

23.4  Phase Sequence (Y-Connected Generator)

23.5  The Y-Connected Generator with a Y-Connected Load

23.6  The Y-Δ System

23.7  The Δ-Connected Generator

23.8  Phase Sequence (Δ-Connected Generator)

23.9  The Δ-Δ, Δ-Y Three-Phase Systems

23.10 Power

23.11 The Three-Wattmeter Method

23.12 The Two-Wattmeter Method

23.13 Unbalanced, Three-Phase, Four-Wire, Y-Connected Load

23.14 Unbalanced, Three-Phase, Three-Wire, Y-Connected Load

 

Chapter 24: Pulse Waveforms and the R-C Response

 

24.1  Introduction

24.2  Ideal versus Actual

24.3  Pulse Repetition Rate and Duty Cycle

24.4  Average Value

24.5  Transient R-C Networks

24.6  R-C Response to Square-Wave Inputs

24.7  Oscilloscope Attenuator and Compensating Probe

24.8  Application

24.9  Computer Analysis

 

Chapter 25: Nonsinusoidal Circuits

 

25.1  Introduction

25.2  Fourier Series

25.3  Circuit response to a Nonsinusoidal Input

25.4  Addition and Subtraction of Nonsinusiodal Waveforms

25.5  Computer Analysis

 

APPENDICES

 

INDEX