The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering, Second Edition

New! History of Groundwater Hydrology, J.J. de Vries
Introduction
Water Management and Water Science Before the 19th Century
Developments in Subsurface Hydrology
Main Trends Since the Early 1980s
References
Geological Occurrence of Groundwater, D.I. Leap
Introduction
Importance of Groundwater
Earth Materials
Important Hydraulic Properties of Earth Materials and Groundwater, with Examples
Water in the Unsaturated Zone
Water in the Saturated Zone
Protection of Groundwater Supplies
Groundwater and Modern Environmental Concerns
Glossary
References
Elementary Groundwater Flow and Transport Processes, J. W. Delleur
Introduction
Pressure, Suction, Piezometric Head, and Hydraulic Gradient
The Motion of Groundwater
Flow Through Porous Media—Darcy’s Law
One-Dimensional Hydraulics
One-Dimensional Flow Through Porous Media — Leaky Aquifers
Dupuit–Forchheimer Assumptions
Velocity Potential, Force Potential, and Flow Nets
Laplace’s Equation
Land Subsidence
Salt Water Interfaces
Groundwater Quality
Transport Mechanisms of Dissolved Contaminants
Monitoring, Site Remediation, and Landfills
Parameter Values
Glossary
References
Appendix Values of the Error Function and Complementary Error Function
Two-and Three-Dimensional Flow of Groundwater, F. De Smedt
Fundamentals
Groundwater Flow Equations
Hydraulic Approach to Groundwater Flow
Examples of Solutions
Glossary
References
Groundwater and Seepage: Accounting for Variability, M. E. Harr
Introduction
Some Groundwater Fundamentals
Some Probabilistic Fundamentals
The Flow Net
The Point Estimate Method (PEM)
Method of Fragments
Flow in Layered Systems
Piping: Reliability
Glossary
References
Soil Properties and Moisture Movement in the Unsaturated Zone, R. Haverkamp, S. Debionne, P. Viallet, R. Angulo-Jaramillo, and D. de Condappa
Introduction
Physical and Hydraulic Soil Properties
Conceptual Aspects of Unsaturated Soil Water Flow
Analytical Solutions of the Unsaturated Flow Equation
Scaling Principles
Conclusions and Perspectives on Future Research
Glossary and Parameter Notation
References
REWRITTEN! Infiltration, J.W. Hopmans, J.-Y. Parlange, and S. Assouline
Introduction
Soil Properties and Processes of Infiltration
Infiltration Equations
Infiltration Measurement Methods
Spatial Variability Considerations
Infiltration into Sealed or Crusted Soils
Summary and Conclusions
References
NEw! Infiltration and Run-On under Spatially Variable Hydrologic Properties, R.S. Govindaraju, N.Nahar, C.,Corradini, and R. Morbidelli
Introduction
Characterization of Spatial Variability
Numerical Simulation Results
Theoretical Results
Conclusions and Recommendations
Glossary
References
Modeling the Movement of Water and Solute Through Preferential Flow Paths and Fractures, R. Wallach, T.S. Steenhuis, J.-Y. Parlange
Introduction
Dual-Porosity Models for a Sharp Change at the at the Fracture-Matrix Interface
A Dual-Porosity Model for Gradual Change in Matrix Structure and Concentration at the Fracture–Matrix Interface
Dual-Porosity Models with a Distribution Layer at the Soil Surface
Multi-Pore Group Models
Symbols
References
Well Hydraulics and Aquifer Tests, H. Boonstra and R. Soppe
Introduction
Well-Flow Equations
Performance of an Aquifer Test
Time–Drawdown Analyses
Distance–Drawdown Analyses
Interpretation of Heterogeneous Aquifers
Concluding Remarks
Glossary
References
Appendix
Well Design and Construction, H. Boonstra and R. Soppe
Introduction
Well-Field Equations
Aquifer and Well Losses
Step–Drawdown Tests
Well Design
Well Construction and Maintenance
Glossary
References
New! Sea Water Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers, J. Bear and Q. Zhou
Introduction
Mathematical Modeling of Sea Water Intrusion
Numerical Modeling and Computer Code
Examples of Sea Water Intrusion
Introduction to the Management of a Coastal Aquifer
Glossary
References NEw! Groundwater and Heat Flow, D.I. Leap
Introduction
Basic Thermodynamics
Flow of Heat
Sources of Heat Flow to and from Earth’s Surface
Applications
Glossary
References
Hydrogeological Characterization Using Geophysical Methods, S.S. Hubbard and Y. Rubin
Introduction
Common Geophysical Methods for Hydrogeologiocal Characterization
Hydrogeophysical Concepts
Stochastic Forward and Inverse Modeling Using Hydrogeophysical Datasets
Summary
Glossary
References
Geophysical and Tracer Characterization Methods, D.W. Hyndman
Introduction
Simulation/Optimization Methods for Aquifer Property Estimation
Application of Geophysical Methods to Environmental Problems
Ground-Penetrating Radar
Cross-Well Tomography
Combining Geophysical and Tracer Data
Dynamic Imaging of Tracer and Contaminant Plumes
Glossary
References
Geostatistics: Interpolation and Inverse Problems, P.K. Kitanidis
Introduction
Preliminaries
Ordinary Kriging
Variogram
Kriging Variants
Cokriging
Generalized Linear Estimation Equations
Inverse Problems
Glossary
References
Groundwater Contaminants, E.R. Blatchley, III and J.E. Thompson
Introduction
Physicochemical Characteristics of Water
Factors Affecting Aqueous Solubility
Inorganic Constituents
Organic Constituents
Radionuclides
Particulates
Glossary
References
Nonreactive Contaminant Transport in the Saturated Zone, N. Kleinfelter and J.H. Cushman
Introduction
Hierarchical Heterogeneity
Role of Multiple Scales
Dispersion
Eulerian and Lagrangian Perspectives
Classical Deterministic Models
Alternate Approaches
Locally Stationary Systems
Spreading vs. Dilution
Experiments
Glossary
References
REACTIVE CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT IN THE SATURATED ZONE: REVIEW OF SOME UPSCALING APPROACHES, J.H. Cushman and T.R. Ginn
Introduction
Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Heterogeneity
Scale of Observation and Constitutive Concepts
Upscaling
Linearity and Nonequilibrium Eulerian Stochastic Models
Upscaling Microbial Dynamics
Lagrangian Stochastic Models for Nonlinear Reactions
Connection Between Approaches
Definition of Symbols
Glossary
References
Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport in Fractured Media, K.S. Novakowski and E.A. Sudicky
Introduction
Structural Geology of Fractured Rock
Fundamentals of Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport in a Single Fracture
Field Techniques
Conceptual Models
Modeling Flow and Transport in Fractures and Fracture Networks
Glossary
References
Groundwater Flow in Karstic Aquifers, W.B. White
Introduction
Karst Aquifers: The Conceptual Framework
Permeability and Flow Dynamics in Karst Aquifers
Chemistry of Carbonate Rock Dissolution
Evolution of Karst Aquifers
Quantitative Hydrology of Karst Aquifers
Modeling of Karst Aquifers
Water Resource Issues in Karst Hydrology
Land Instability and Sinkhole Development
References
REWRITTEN! Contaminant Transport in the Unsaturated Zone: Theory and Modeling, J. Simunek and M.Th.van Genuchten
Introduction
Variably Saturated Water Flow
Solute Transport
Analytical Models
Numerical Models
Concluding Remarks
References
Groundwater Modeling, L.F. Konikow, T.E. Reilly, P.M. Barlow, and C.I. Voss
Introduction
Models
Flow and Transport Processes
Governing Equations
Numerical Methods to Solve Equations
Model Design, Development, and Application
Overview of Representative Generic Models MODFLOW 2000, SUTRA
Case Histories
Available Groundwater Software
Glossary
References New! Groundwater Model Validation, A.E. Hassan
Introduction
Practical Views of Validation
The Proposed Model Validation Process
Acceptance Criteria for Stochastic Model Realizations and Application to PSA Model
Uncertainty Reduction Using Validation Data and Application to the Amchitka Model
Summary and Conclusions
Glossary
References NEw! Scale Issues, K. Loague and D.L. Corwin
Introduction
Measurement and Interpretation
Upscaling and Downscaling
Examples
Epilogue
Glossary
References
New! Accounting for Aquifer Heterogeneity in Solute Transport Modeling: A Case Study from the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) Site in Columbus, Mississippi, C. Zheng
Introduction
Site Description
Natural-Gradient Tracer Tests
Modeling of the MADE-2 Tritium Tracer Test
Analysis of Simulation Results
Summary and Concluding Remarks
Glossary
References
NEw! Determining Sustainable Groundwater Development, J.D. Bredehoeft
Sustainability
Quantitatively Maintaining a Groundwater Development
Analytical Methods in Hydrogeology
The Water Budget
Aquifer Dynamics and Models
The Dynamics of a Basin and Range Aquifer
Paradise Valley
Conclusions
References
New! The Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater, M.I. Jyrkama and J.F. Sykes
Introduction
Background
A Case Study: Recharge Analysis of the Grand River Watershed
Chapter Summary
References
NEW! ECOHYDROLOGY: WATER, CARBON, AND NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE SOIL-PLANT ATMOSPHERE CONTINUUM, E. Daly, G. Katul and A. Porporato
Introduction
Atmospheric Controls on Photosynthesis and Transpiration
Soil Water Balance in the Vadose Zone
Soil Moisture Deficit and Plant Water Stress
Soil Nutrient Dynamics
Summary and Conclusions
List of Symbols
Glossary
References
The Role of Geographical Information Systems in Groundwater Engineering, B. Engel, K.J. Lim, and K.C.S. Navulur
Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
GIS Components
Data Representation
Analysis Capabilities of GIS
Web GIS Services
Application of GIS to Groundwater Engineering
Glossary
References
BIODEGRADATION, L.F. Nies and C.T. Jafvert
Introduction
Quantitative Description of Reactive Transport and Biodegradation
Field Applications of Bioremediation
Glossary
References
Legal Framework for Groundwater Protection in the United States, J.A. Veil, D. Elcock, N.L. Ranek and and M.G. Puder
Introduction
Groundwater Allocation and Management
Clean Water Act (CWA)
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
Other Laws
Glossary
Landfills, B.A. Keister, and P.C. Repetto
Introduction
Regulatory Considerations and Landfill Siting
Site Master Plan
Landfill Configuration
Conceptual Design
Detailed Design
Liner and Cover System Materials
Environmental Monitoring
Performance of Landfill Elements
Summary and Conclusions
Glossary
References
EVAPOTRANSPIRATIVE COVER SYSTEMS FOR WASTE CONTAINMENT, J.G. Zornberg and J.S. McCartney
Introduction
Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Concepts Relevant to Evapotranspirative Cover Performance
Types of Evapotransrative Covers
Relevant Issues for Design of Evapotranspirative Covers
Performance Monitoring of Evapotranspirative Covers
Case studies
Glossary
References
GROUNDWATER MONITORING, M.H. Houlihan and P.J. Botek
Fundamentals
Groundwater Monitoring Plans
Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Devices
Groundwater Sampling
Analysis of Groundwater Samples
Evaluation of Groundwater Monitoring Data
Glossary
References
REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER, M.H. Houlihan and M.H. Bergman
Fundamentals
Groundwater Remediation System Design
Hydraulic Containment of Groundwater
Design of Groundwater Extraction Systems
Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater
Performance Monitoring of Groundwater Remediation Systems
Glossary
References
GEOSYNTHETICS, M.H. Zornberg and B.R. Christopher
Introduction
Geosynthetic Function
Geosynthetic Types
Geosynthetic Applications in Landfill Design
Case Histories
Glossary
References