Mechanics of Living Tissues

Cédric Laurent is a university professor who teaches mechanics in engineering schools, and is a researcher in biomechanics at the University of Lorraine, France. His research activities focus mainly on the mechanical behavior of soft tissues. Claude Verdier is a Research Director at CNRS, France, former director of the GDR Mécabio, and former chairman of Section 9 of the Comité national de la recherche scientifique (CoNRS).

Preface xi
Cédric LAURENT

Introduction: Mechanics of Living Tissues: Applications, Challenges and Methods xiii
Cédric LAURENT

Chapter 1. Biomechanics of the Liver: Characterizations, Modeling and Clinical Applications 1
Simon CHATELIN, Philippe GARTEISER and Bernard E. VAN BEERS

1.1. Anatomy and clinical issues 1

1.2. Experimental biomechanical characterizations 5

1.3. Elastography for the diagnosis of fibrosis, cirrhosis, inflammation and liver tumors 12

1.4. Mechanical modeling 17

1.5. Conclusion and outlook 21

1.6. Acknowledgments 21

1.7. References 22

Chapter 2. Biomechanics of the Skin: Characterizations, Modeling and Scalp Applications 33
Yves VALLET and Cédric LAURENT

2.1. Anatomy and properties of the skin 34

2.2. Characterization of the mechanical properties of the skin 37

2.3. Imaging of the skin 45

2.4. Modeling the mechanical behavior of the skin 47

2.5. A special case: the scalp 50

2.6. References 54

Chapter 3. Biomechanics of the Cornea 65
Chloé GIRAUDET and Jean-Marc ALLAIN

3.1. Anatomy and clinical problems 65

3.2. Experimental characterization 72

3.3. Modeling mechanical behavior 86

3.4. Biomaterials 88

3.5. Acknowledgements 89

3.6. References 89

Chapter 4. Biomechanical Modeling of the Human Tongue 95
Maxime CALKA, Pascal PERRIER, Michel ROCHETTE and Yohan PAYAN

4.1. Introduction 95

4.2. Anatomy of the tongue: environment, topology and partitioning 96

4.3. State of the art on biomechanical modeling of the human tongue 98

4.4. Our 3D FE model of the human tongue 100

4.5. Numerical simulations 104

4.6. Discussion 111

4.7. Perspective: model order reduction for real-time simulation 112

4.8. Conclusion 112

4.9. References 113

Chapter 5. Biomechanical Characterization of the Disc of the Temporomandibular Joint 117
Lara TAPPERT, Adrien BALDIT and Pawel LIPINSKI

5.1. Anatomical and geometric description of the temporomandibular joint and its discs 118

5.2. Biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint disc 126

5.3. Perspectives on the study of the temporomandibular joint disc 141

5.4. References 142

Chapter 6. Biomechanics of the Intervertebral Disc 149
Pascal SWIDER

6.1. Introduction 149

6.2. Anatomy of the spine, disc and clinical issues 150

6.3. IVD modeling 159

6.4. IVD and therapeutic strategies. 160

6.5. Conclusion and outlook 161

6.6. References 161

Chapter 7. Biomechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) 169
Cédric LAURENT

7.1. Introduction: ACL physiology and pathologies 169

7.2. Mechanical characterization of the ACL 174

7.3. Biomechanical modeling of the ACL 180

7.4. Toward tissue engineering of the ACL 185

7.5. References 190

Chapter 8. Mechanoregulation in Soft Biological Tissues: Application to the Development of Arterial Calcifications 203
Madge MARTIN, Claire MORIN and Stéphane AVRIL

8.1. Introduction 203

8.2. Mechanoregulation of arteries 209

8.3. Biochemistry of MAC 218

8.4. Conclusion 233

8.5. References 234

Chapter 9. Biomechanics of Bone Tissue and Its Interactions with Surrounding Tissues 247
Émilie SAPIN-DE BROSSES and David MITTON

9.1. Introduction 247

9.2. Anatomy and physiology of bone from the macroscopic to the molecular scale 248

9.3. Bone tissue imaging and key morphological features 253

9.4. Mechanical behavior of bone and characterization methods 256

9.5. Interactions of bone tissue with surrounding tissues, and clinical implications 266

9.6. Conclusion and outlook 270

9.7. References 271

Conclusion 279
Cédric LAURENT

List of Authors 299

Index 303