Physical Metallurgy of Bulk Metallic Glass-Forming Liquids

Isabella Gallino received her education in Italy and the USA, earning a degree in Chemistry with a thesis on Reactive Ni/Al multilayers from the University of Turin. She later obtained her Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering from the Mechanical Engineering department of Oregon State University, where her dissertation focused on Inert Anodes for the Electrolysis of Aluminum. After serving as a Lecturer and Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Oregon State University, she joined Saarland University in Germany in 2005 as a Group Leader in the Chair of Metallic Materials. Recently, she completed her requirements for a Habilitation in 'Metallic Materials' with a thesis on Thermo-physical Properties of Metallic Glasses.

Her more than 20 years of research experience in physical metallurgy has yielded significant findings. Her research interests are diverse, encompassing technical and fundamental science aspects. She has contributed to the development of innovative metal processing techniques, the discovery of new alloy compositions for commercial applications, studies of thermodynamic properties of stable and metastable phases, kinetics of phase transformations, phase diagrams determination, kinetics of high-temperature oxidation and corrosion, and microstructural and structural analyses, including synchrotron-based techniques. She has published around 70 technical articles, with a focus on the physical properties of bulk metallic glass-forming liquids.

In 2023, she will join the Technical University of Berlin, where she will be appointed as a Full Professor of Metallic Materials. Her extensive research experience, combined with her educational background, makes her a leading expert in the field of physical metallurgy.

Introduction.- Part I Survey.- 2 History of metallic glasses.- 2.1 Early metallic glasses.- 2.1.1 Vapour deposited thin films.- 2.1.2 The discovery of metallic glasses.- 2.2 Bulk metallic glasses (BMG).- 2.3 Processing technology development.- 3 Properties and applications of bulk metallic glasses.- 3.1 Properties of bulk metallic glasses.- 3.1.1 Soft magnetic properties.- 3.1.2 Mechanical properties.- 3.1.3 High-temperature oxidation resistance.- 3.1.4 Electrochemical properties and corrosion resistance.- 3.2 Some applications of bulk metallic glasses.- 3.2.1 Soft-magnetic applications.- 3.2.2 Applications as small complex, high strength parts.- 3.2.3 Catalytic applications.- 3.2.4 Jewellery applications.- 3.2.5 Biomedical applications.- Part II Thermophysical properties of BMG-forming liquids.- 4 Thermodynamics of glass-forming liquids.- 4.1 Thermodynamic studies.- 4.1.1 Calorimetric scans at constant heating rates.- 4.1.2 Specific heat capacity measurements.- 4.1.3 Calculation of the thermodynamic functions.- 4.1.4 Driving force for crystallisation.- 4.2 CALPHAD modelling.- 4.3 Metastable phase diagrams.- 5 Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the glass transition.- 5.1 Thermodynamic signatures of the glass transition.- 5.2 Studies of the Prinogine-Defay ratio of bulk metallic glasses.- 5.3 Kinetic signatures of the glass transition.- 5.4 Kauzmann temperature and ideal thermal glass transition.- 5.5 Definition of the limiting fictive temperature.- 6 Glass transition studies of bulk metallic glasses.- 6.1 Standard DSC scansfor the study of the glass transition.- 6.2 Vitrification kinetics studies via chip-calorimetry.- 6.3 Dynamic glass transition.- 6.3.1 Temperature modulating calorimetry.- 6.3.2 Multifrequency step-response analysis.- 6.3.3 Cooperative length scale at the glass transition.- 6.3.4 Dynamic glass transition temperature versus fictive temperature.- 6.4 Structural signatures of the glass transition.- 7 Physical aging studies in bulk-metallic glasses.- 7.1 Introduction to physical aging.- 7.2 Viscosity relaxation studies.- 7.3 Volume relaxation studies.- 7.4 Enthalpy relaxation studies.- 7.5 Enthalpy recovery studies.- 7.6 Activation energy spectrum of relaxation.- 7.7 Atomic dynamics via XPCS studies.- 8 Fragility of bulk metallic glass-forming liquids.- 8.1 Kinetic fragility.- 8.2 Thermodynamic fragility.- 8.3 Structural fragility.- 9 Liquid-liquid transition in bulk metallic glass-forming liquids.- 9.1 Kinetic crossovers.- 9.2 Thermodynamic signatures of the liquid-liquid transition.- 9.3 Dynamic crossovers.- 9.4 Shear rate-induced mechanisms.- 10 Glass forming ability of bulk metallic glasses.- 10.1 Empirical rules for glass forming ability.- 10.2 Description of glass forming ability based on TTT-diagrams.- 11 Summarizing remarks.- 11.1 Vitrification kinetics versus atomic mobility.- 11.2 Activation energy spectrum for enthalpy relaxation.- 11.3 Connection between the kinetic fragility, thermodynamics and structural changes in the undercooled liquid.- 11.4 Crossovers during the liquid-liquid transition.- 11.5 Glass forming ability of bulk metallic glasses.