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Introduction: Industrial Control System

Nitendra Tiwari1*, Subhajit Bhattacharya1, Vipin Chandra Pal1, Sudipta Chakraborty1 and Sheetla Prasad2

1Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam, India

2Department of Electrical Engineering, Galgotias University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh Punjab, India

Abstract

In this chapter, the meaning of industry and the types have been discussed. The history of industry and their way of working are described to focus on the beginning of industry. Finally, the future of industries has been discussed with consideration to the new recent technology in different fields like communication, networking, etc.

Keywords: Industry, revolution of industry, classification of industries

An industry is a collection of firms that have common basic business operations. In today’s economy, there are hundreds of industry categories. Typically, industrial groupings are grouped together into larger groups called sectors.

Individual firms are classified into industries based on their principal sources of revenue. Despite the fact that a vehicle manufacturer’s finance sector may account for 10% of total sales, most categorization methodologies identify the firm as part of the automobile industry.

1.1 Types of Industry

On the basis of raw materials and their processing, industries can be divided as follows.

1.1.1 The Primary Sector

Forestry, agriculture, fishing, quarrying, mining, and mineral exploitation are all part of a country’s economy. It can be divided into two categories:

• Genetic Industry - This category comprises any raw material manufacturing that can benefit from human involvement in the development process.
• Extractive Industries - This category involves the development of finite raw materials that cannot be replenished by cultivation.

The primary industry continues to dominate the economies of underdeveloped and growing countries, but as the secondary and tertiary industries increase, its share of total economic output decreases.

1.1.2 The Secondary Sector

The manufacturing industry (secondary industry) processes the raw materials given by primary industries and converts them into consumer goods. Products that have been included into product lines by specialised secondary industries are subjected to additional procedures. These industries develop capital equipment for the production of both consumer and non-consumer goods. The industry is further subdivided into the following categories:

• Large Scale Industry – It necessitates considerable capital investment in plants and equipment, provides a varied variety of industries, such as other industrial sectors, has a complex industrial organisation that typically employs qualified experts, and generates a large volume of output. Examples include steel and iron production, petroleum refining, and other sectors.
• Small Industry – It is characterised by the non-durability of industrial goods and cheap cost of capital in plants and machinery, which may include nonstandard things like customised or design work [1]. Manufacturing of plastics, textiles, food processing, and other sectors are examples.

1.1.3 The Tertiary Sector

The tertiary industrial sector, sometimes known as the service industry, combines industries that provide services or generate revenue without producing tangible items. This sector is often a mix of government and private firms in free market and mixed economies.

Real estate services, banking and finance services, communication services, and so on are examples. An old, well-known anecdote on industrial control.

Throughout history, individuals have gathered to discuss and learn about strategies to exercise organisational control to claim moral authority and political power. Norms concerning effective conduct patterns have arisen through such exchanges and some of these norms have been codified in codes, principles, laws, adages, edicts, and maxims, or the discursive artefacts that people employ to exert political power and claim moral authority.

People have created stories tying situational facts to behavioural norms and institutional settings in order to explain how an organisation exercised control at a specific time and location. People’s assumptions about organisational control have evolved throughout time and these assumptions have shaped the stories they have told. This examines how organisational control has been viewed throughout history.

We will start with one of the few times that contemporary organisational scholars have directly addressed the content of this vast human legacy. Rindova and Starbuck (1997) go into detail about how the ancient Chinese viewed organisations and how they employed agency relationship conceptualizations to build different strategies to wield organisational control. Then, we will look at how the exercise of organisational control evolved over time in eighteenth-century Europe and then America [2]. Specifically, we show how industrial bureaucracies arose and how people often resisted the organisational limitations that came with them. We look at how this resistance sparked efforts to make organisational governance more democratic and sensitive to human needs.

1.2 Historical Perspective in Terms of Control

The factory was the first expression of the capitalist firm, which was created by capitalism. Historical events have indicated that important alterations in business organisation have coincides with industrial revolutions since their inception. The British Industrial Revolution (BIR) gave birth to the factory and the Second Industrial Revolution (SIR) gave birth to the massive contemporary business firm by the 1920s.

A multidivisional kind of business organisation is the name given to this type of firm structure (M-form). Another key transformation in business organisation is occurring as a result of today’s ICT revolution: “huge vertically integrated” firms are becoming flatter, decentralised, and organised in “semi-autonomous project-based teams”. This revolutionary business organisation is commonly referred to as a project-based firm revolution in the literature [3–7].

What is driving these huge organisational changes in businesses? Do these changes put the firm’s core values in jeopardy? These are clearly questions about the evolution of a firm and they are questions that are not addressed in post-coasean conceptions of the firm (e.g., Williamson, 1985 [13]). Nonetheless, there is little doubt that studying a firm’s growth can aid in gaining a deeper knowledge of it.

In the context of the co-evolution of social and physical technologies, a historical study of the firm’s evolution will be developed [14, 15].

The argument will be that the history of the company must be regarded as part of this co-evolutionary process, which has been mostly driven by big changes in physical technology, or macro-inventions in Mokyr (1990) [16] terms, as historical events reveal. The above three firm organisations must be regarded as mutants according to the theory of the firm and the fundamental difference between them is connected to the shift in the mix of low and high-powered incentives (Williamson, 1985) applied within a given mutant-firm.

Human creation procedure also converts as an output of scientific enhancement. The industrial insurrection refers to a shift in production technology which is vastly unlike its old cohort. People’s works circumstances and lives were dramatically altered by new industrial technologies. What was the industrial insurrection like and where do we stand? “From the First Industrial Revolution to Industry 4.0” is the title of a new book.

1.2.1 First Industrial Revolution

The utilisation in the eighteenth century of mechanisation and steam power in production ushered in the 1st Industrial Revolution [3]. The automated version, which previously employed simple revolving wheels to generate threads, now produces 8 times the total in the same amount of time. Steam’s power was also well acknowledged. The harnessing of human output for industrial goals was the most significant step forward in increasing human productivity. The steam engine could be utilised to power weaving looms instead of muscle power. Next, an enormous swap occurred as an output of enhancement such as the steamship and the steam-powered locomotive that allows passengers and things to move a great displacement in minimum time.

1.2.2 Second Industrial Revolution

The search for electricity and congregation line production announced the 2nd Industrial insurrection in the 19th century. Henry Ford took these concepts and applied them to the production of automobiles, remarkably changing the factories. Initially, a complete automobile was developing at only a station, but now automobiles were produced in parts on a conveyor belt, which is rapid and more economic.

The Second Industrial Revolution began in the nineteenth century with the creation of electricity and the introduction of construction lines.

At a butchery in Chicago where pigs were stretched on conveyor belts and every butcher only accomplished half of the task, Henry Ford (1863-1947) developed the concept for mass production. Henry Ford took these ideas and applied them to the automobile...