Electric Vehicle Design

Krishan Arora, PhD, is associated with Lovely Professional University as an associate professor with more than thirteen years of experience in academics. He has been the head of the department of power systems in the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University since February 2017. He has published more than 55 research papers and organized several workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for students. Suman Lata Tripathi, PhD, is working as a professor at Lovely Professional University with more than 20 years of experience in academics. She has also been a remote post-doc researcher at Nottingham Trent University, London, UK since 2022. She has published more than 74 research papers and has also published 13 Indian patents and two copyrights. She has edited and authored more than 17 books in different areas of electronics and electrical engineering. Himanshu Sharma, PhD, is associated with Lovely Professional University as an assistant professor with more than four years of experience in academics. He has published more than ten research papers and organized several workshops, summer internships, and expert lectures for students. He has supervised five postgraduate thesis and more than 15 undergraduate student projects.

Preface xv

1 Development of Braking Systems in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 1
Harpreet Singh Bedi, Shakti Raj Chopra and Krishan Arora

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Historical Background of Fuel Cell 2

1.3 ADVISOR 3

1.4 Why Hydrogen is Preferred 4

1.5 What is a Fuel Cell? 4

1.6 Working of Fuel Cells 4

1.7 Types of Fuel Cells 5

1.8 Block Diagram of Vehicle on MATLAB/Simulink 8

1.9 Braking System in Vehicle 8

1.10 Regenerative Braking System 9

1.11 Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) 10

1.12 Conclusion 15

2 Design and Applications of Fuel Cells 19
Pradeep Singh, Krishan Arora and Umesh C. Rathore

2.1 Introduction 20

2.2 Types of Electric Vehicles 21

2.3 Design Equations of Fuel Cells 25

2.4 Designing of Fuel Cells 29

2.5 Types of Fuel Cells 30

2.6 Solid Oxide FCs (SOFCs) 31

2.7 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 35

2.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 39

2.9 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 43

2.10 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 46

2.11 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) 50

2.12 Parameters Affecting the Performance of FCs 54

3 Smart Energy Management and Monitoring System for Electric Vehicles with IoT Integration 57
Challa Krishna Rao, Sarat Kumar Sahoo and Franco Fernando Yanine

3.1 Introduction 58

3.2 The Control of Electric Vehicles Using IoT 59

3.3 IoT Management Issues with Electric Vehicles 61

3.4 Monitoring and Management Benefits of IoT 62

3.5 Predictive Maintenance System with Fault Alerts 64

3.6 IoT Management and Monitoring Issues with Electric Vehicles 65

3.7 Microcontroller 68

3.8 IoT-Based Systems for Battery Management and Monitoring 71

3.9 Design of Battery Charge Control and Monitoring System 71

3.10 Results and Discussion 73

3.11 Conclusions 74

3.12 Future Scope of IoT in Electric Vehicles 75

4 A Review of Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges 81
N. Suthanthira Vanitha, L. Manivannan, K. Radhika, A. Karthikeyan and T. Meenakshi

4.1 Introduction 82

4.2 Electric Motors 82

4.3 Power Electronic Converters 87

4.4 Battery in Electric Vehicles 92

4.5 Conclusion 97

5 Electric Vehicle and Design Using MATLAB 101
Vinay Anand and Himanshu Sharma

5.1 Introduction 102

5.2 Motivation 103

5.3 Basic Fundamentals of EVs 104

5.4 Why Electric Vehicles? 106

5.5 Comparison Between ICV and EV 106

5.6 Classification of EVs 107

5.7 Design and Structure of EV 108

5.8 Mathematical Model of an Electric Vehicle 115

5.9 Control Strategy of EVs 116

5.10 Design Methodology for Electric Vehicles (EVs) 117

5.11 Latest Emerging Technology in EV 118

5.12 Performance Valuation of BLDC Motor and Induction Motor for Electric Vehicle Propulsion Application 119

5.13 Conclusion 125

6 Model Order Reduction of Battery for Smart Battery Management System 129
Dheeraj Kumar Dhaked, Aswant Kumar Sharma, Dhanesh Kumar Sambariya and Dinesh Birla

6.1 Introduction 129

6.2 Problem Formulation 131

6.3 Modeling of Battery 132

6.4 Methodology for Model Order Reduction 134

6.5 Result and Discussion 137

6.6 Conclusion 141

7 Power Electronic Converters for Electric Vehicle Application 147
P. Swati Patro, Sarat Kumar Sahoo and Fernando Yanine

7.1 Introduction 148

7.2 Types of Electrical Vehicle and Role of Power Electronic Converter 151

7.3 Recent Development in Power Electronic Converter 158

7.4 Power Electronic Converters in Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles 161

7.5 Challenges in Power Electronic Vehicular System 162

7.6 Conclusion 164

8 Integrating Electric Vehicles Into Smart Grids Through Data Analytics: Challenges and Opportunities 167
Vikram Kulkarni, Sarat Kumar Sahoo, Ketan Shah and Prapita Thanarak

8.1 Introduction 168

8.2 Smart Grid and Electric Vehicle 169

8.3 Impact of Electric Vehicle--Based Data Analytics for Smart Grids 169

8.4 Importance of Resource Availability, Price, and Load for EV 171

8.5 Electric-Tariff Design Based on Impact of Electric Vehicle Usage 173

8.6 Data Analytics for Electric Vehicles 174

8.7 Machine Learning for EV Analytics 176

8.8 What are the Different ML Algorithms Used by Authors for EV Analytics? 177

8.9 Importance of Data Analysis in the EV Industry Using an Open Source Data 178

8.10 Description of the Dataset 179

8.11 Features and Factors That Influence the Prices of EVs 179

8.12 Price Prediction of EVs 180

8.13 Random Forest--Based Price Prediction of Electric Vehicles 185

8.14 Machine Learning Model 187

8.15 Electric Vehicle Usage in India 189

8.16 The Challenges of Adopting EV in India 190

8.17 How to Increase Renewable Energy in India to Meet EV Demand 191

9 Hybrid Electrical Vehicle Designs 197
T. Meenakshi, K. Mahendran, N. Suthanthira Vanitha and C. Shanmugam

9.1 Introduction 197

9.2 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 198

9.3 Classification of HEVs 199

9.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) 201

9.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Design and Analysis 203

9.6 Control Strategy in Series Hybrid Drivetrain Configuration 204

9.7 Design of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles with Fuel Economy 209

9.8 Conclusion 213

10 EV Battery Charging System 215
Balamurugan M., Narendiran S., Sarat Kumar Sahoo and Fernando Yanine

10.1 Introduction 216

10.2 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure 217

10.3 Power Electronics Converters Used for Charging System 219

10.4 Control Strategies of EV Charging System 221

10.5 Various Modes of Charging System 226

10.6 Real-Time Challenges of EV Charging Infrastructure 227

11 Optimization Algorithms and Computing Techniques for Electric Vehicles: Advancements in Computing and Algorithms 235
S. Arun Mozhi, J. Nishanthy, S. Charles Raja and J. Jeslin Drusila Nesamalar

11.1 Introduction 236

11.2 Fundamental Optimization Techniques 238

11.3 Problem Formulation of Optimal Solution 238

11.4 Optimization Techniques 241

11.5 Electric Vehicle 244

11.6 Challenges in EV Implementation 250

11.7 Optimization Techniques for Electric Vehicles 252

11.8 Conclusion 261

12 Economic Load Dispatch Solutions at Small, Medium, and Large Scales Utilizing Chaotic Spotted Hyena Optimization 265
Tanuj Mishra, Amit Kumar Singh and Vikram Kumar Kamboj

12.1 Introduction 266

12.2 Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch Process 267

12.3 Optimization in Power System 268

12.4 Hybrid Optimization Algorithm 273

12.5 Chaotic Spotted Hyena Optimization Technique 274

12.6 Economic Load Dispatch Problem 276

12.7 Power Balance Equality Constraints 277

12.8 Generator Power Limit Inequality Constraints 278

12.9 Test Systems Results and Discussion 278

12.10 Conclusion 288

13 Simulation of Automatic Search of Charging Station for Electric Bikes 295
Saroja S., Haseena S., Hariharan M. and Raghul Priyadharshan M.

13.1 Introduction 296

13.2 Related Works 298

13.3 Methodology 299

13.4 Load Balancing of Smart Grid 303

13.5 Electric Bike Supply Equipment (EBSE) Algorithm 304

13.6 Simulation 305

13.7 Performance Metrics 307

13.8 Method and Existing Method 308

14 Self-Charging Electrical Vehicle Design and Analysis with MATLAB 313
Ramchandra Sahani, Ishak Jamatia, Manas Daga, Pavan Kumar and Suman Lata Tripathi

14.1 Introduction 313

14.2 Natural Energy Sources for Self-Charging Electrical Vehicles 314

14.2.1 Wind Energy 315

14.3 Arduino-Based Control Systems in Electric Vehicles 323

14.4 MATLAB-Based Simulation and Modeling for Self-Charging Electric Vehicles 325

14.5 Electric Motor Model 327

14.6 Results for Vehicle Performance 329

14.7 Power Electronics Model 330

14.8 Energy Management System 330

14.9 Conclusion 333

References 333

Index 335