Wind and Solar Power Systems

Patel; Mukund R. U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York, USA,

Introduction
Industry Overview
Incentives for Renewables
Utility Perspective
References
Wind Power
Wind in the World
The U.S.A.
Europe
India
Mexico
Ongoing Research and Development
References
Photovoltaic Power
Present Status
Building Integrated pv Systems
pv Cell Technologies
pv Energy Maps
References
Wind Speed and Energy Distributions
Speed and Power Relations
Power Extracted from the Wind
Rotor Swept Area
Air Density
Global Wind Patterns
Wind Speed Distribution
Wind Speed Prediction
Wind Resource Maps
References
Wind Power System
System Components
Turbine Rating
Electrical Load Matching
Variable-Speed Operation
System Design Features
Maximum Power Operation
System Control Requirements
Environmental Aspects
References
Electrical Generator
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
Induction Generator
References
Generator Drives
Speed Control Regions
Generator Drives
Drive Selection
Cut-Out Speed Selection
References
Solar Photovoltaic Power System
The pv Cell
Module and Array
Equivalent Electrical Circuit
Open Circuit Voltage and Short Circuit Current
i-v and p-v Curves
Array Design
Peak Power Point Operation
pv System Components
References
Solar Thermal System
Energy Collection
Solar II Power Plant
Synchronous Generator
Commercial Power Plants
References
Energy Storage
Battery
Types of Batteries
Equivalent Electrical Circuit
Performance Characteristics
More on Lead-Acid Battery
Battery Design
Battery Charging
Charge Regulators
Battery Management
Flywheel
Compressed Air
Superconducting Coil
References
Power Electronics
Basic Switching Devices
AC to DC Rectifier
DC to AC Inverter
Grid Interface Controls
Battery Charge/Discharge Converters
Power Shunts
References
Stand-Alone System
pv Stand-Alone
Electric Vehicle
Wind Stand-Alone
Hybrid System
System Sizing
Wind Farm Sizing
References
Grid-Connected System
Interface Requirements
Synchronizing with Grid
Operating Limit
Energy Storage and Load Scheduling
Utility Resource Planning Tool
References
Electrical Performance
Voltage Current and Power Relations
Component Design for Maximum Efficiency
Electrical System Model
Static Bus Impedance and Voltage Regulation
Dynamic Bus Impedance and Ripple
Harmonics
Quality of Power
Renewable Capacity Limit
Lightning Protection
National Electrical Code on Renewable Power
Systems
References
Plant Economy
Energy Delivery Factor
Initial Capital Cost
Availability and Maintenance
Energy Cost Estimates
Sensitivity Analysis
Profitability Index
Hybrid Economics
References
The Future
World Electricity Demand to 2015
Wind Future
pv Future
Declining Production Costs
Market Penetration
Effect of Utility Restructuring
References
Further Reading
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Acronyms
Conversion of Units
Index