Nanolubricants

Mohd Yusuf, PhD, is a dean and associate professor in the School of Life & Natural Sciences at the Glocal University in Saharanpur, India. He earned a PhD in nature-derived products and their applications in 2013. His research focuses on green and sustainable materials, functional biomaterials, biocolorants, and energy storage technology. He has more than 60 publications in applied sciences and sustainable materials. Lalit Prasad, PhD, is a professor of basic sciences at Galgotias University in Greater Noida, India. He earned a PhD from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in New Delhi, India. He has contributed 26 research articles to peer-reviewed journals, several book chapters and has conducted international projects. His research interests are in organic applied chemistry, interdisciplinary science, nanotechnology, and renewable biofuels. Shafat Ahmad Khan, PhD, is an associate professor at Galgotias University in Greater Noida, India. He holds a PhD in organic chemistry from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. His research focuses on natural product chemistry, colorant thermodynamics and kinetics, UV-blocking, and antibacterial textile finishing. He has also written numerous research papers for international and national scientific bodies.

Preface xiii

1 An Insight into Nanolubrication and Nanolubricants 1
Deepshikha Singh, Wasim Khan and Mohd Yusuf

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Advantages of Nanolubricants 2

1.3 Preparation of Nanolubricants 3

1.3.1 Methods of Nanolubricant Preparation 4

1.3.2 Types of Nanolubricants Based on Additives' Characteristics 6

1.4 Lubrication Mechanism 8

1.5 Tribological and Thermophysical Properties of Nanolubricants 9

1.5.1 Tribological Properties 10

1.5.2 Thermophysical Properties 11

1.6 Conclusion and Future Directions 13

2 Nanolubrication Chemistry and Its Application 17
Smrita Singh, Ashutosh Singh Chauhan and Lalit Prasad

2.1 Introduction 18

2.2 Nanolubrication and Its Requirements 19

2.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 21

2.3.1 Physical Method 21

2.3.2 Chemical Methods 22

2.3.3 Biological Methods 22

2.4 Preparation of Nanofluids/Nanolubricants 24

2.4.1 One-Step Method 24

2.4.2 Two-Step Method 25

2.4.2.1 Disadvantages of the Two-Step Method 25

2.4.3 Dispersion of Nanoparticles in Lubricating Oils 25

2.4.4 Interaction Forces in a Nanofluids/Nanolubricant System 26

2.4.4.1 Van der Waals Forces 26

2.4.4.2 Electrostatic or Electric Double Layer Force (EDL) 27

2.4.4.3 DLVO Theory 28

2.4.4.4 Capillary Forces 28

2.5 Mechanism of Nanolubrication 28

2.6 Nanoparticle Properties Necessary for Nanolubrication 30

2.6.1 Nanolubricating Film Properties 31

2.6.2 Nanoparticles in Nanolubricants 32

2.7 Advantages of Nanolubricants 33

2.8 Nanoparticles Ability to Boost Grease Performance 34

2.9 Tribological Performance of Nanolubricants 38

2.9.1 Mechanical Properties of a Tribological System 38

2.9.2 Physicochemical Properties of the Lubricant 39

2.10 Nanolubricants and Base Oils 40

2.10.1 Nanolubricants 40

2.10.2 Base Oils 40

2.11 Various Types of Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives 42

2.11.1 Metal Oxides 43

2.11.2 Metal Sulfides 44

2.11.3 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 44

2.11.4 Nanocomposites 45

2.11.5 Rare Earth Compounds 46

2.12 Recent Advancement in Nanolubrication 46

2.13 Conclusion and Future Outlook 47

3 Characterization Techniques for Nanolubricants Using Different Approaches 61
Priyanka Chhabra and Akshara Johari

3.1 Introduction 62

3.2 Nanoparticles as an Additive to Nanolubricants 63

3.3 Application of Nanolubricants 66

3.4 Preparation of Nanolubricants 67

3.5 Characterization Factors of Nanolubricants 69

3.6 Characterization Techniques Used for Nanolubricants 70

3.6.1 Morphology and Topography Analysis 70

3.6.1.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): Particle Size Analysis 70

3.6.1.2 Electron Microscopy 72

3.6.1.3 X-Ray Diffraction 73

3.6.1.4 Atomic Force Microscopy 73

3.6.1.5 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 78

3.6.1.6 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 82

3.6.1.7 Raman Spectroscopy 84

3.7 Conclusion 85

4 Metal-Based Nanolubricants: Current and Future Perspectives 89
Deepak Gupta, Chandra Kumar, Aakash Mathur, Shruti Mishra, Anis Ahmad, Namrata Deka, Priyanki Kalita and Milan Singh

4.1 Introduction 90

4.2 Synthesis Mechanism of NPs 92

4.2.1 Top-Down Methods 92

4.2.1.1 Ball Milling 92

4.2.1.2 Electrospinning 92

4.2.1.3 Lithography 93

4.2.1.4 Sputter Deposition 94

4.2.1.5 Pulsed Laser Deposition 95

4.2.2 Bottom-Up Approaches 96

4.2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 96

4.2.2.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods 97

4.2.2.3 Sol--Gel Method 98

4.2.2.4 Co-Precipitation 98

4.3 NPs as Potential Candidate for Lubricant Additive 98

4.3.1 Nanometal-Based Lubricant Additives 99

4.3.2 Coefficient of Friction (COF) and Anti-Wear Properties of Nanolubricants 99

4.3.3 Lubrication Mechanisms 100

4.3.4 Rolling Effect or Ball-Bearing Effect 100

4.3.5 Protective Film Formation 101

4.3.6 Mending Effect 102

4.3.7 Polishing Effect 102

4.3.8 Surface Modified NP for Nanolubrication 102

4.4 Methods to Enhance Dispersion Stability of Nanolubricants 103

4.4.1 Physical Method 103

4.4.2 Use of Surfactant 104

4.4.3 Stability by Modification on Surface 104

4.4.4 Metal-Based Nanolubricants 105

4.4.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-Based Nanolubricants 115

4.6 Conclusion 124

5 Transition Metal-Based Catalysts for Preparing Biomass-Based Lubricating Oils 135
Binitendra Naath Mongal and Himanshu Arora

5.1 Introduction 135

5.2 Synthesis of Biolubricants 137

5.2.1 Esterification 137

5.2.2 Transesterification 137

5.2.3 Hydrogenation 137

5.2.4 Simultaneous Hydrogenation--Esterification 138

5.3 Catalysts for Biolubricant Synthesis 138

5.3.1 Catalysts for Esterification 138

5.3.2 Catalysts for Transesterification Reaction 140

5.4 Conclusions 144

6 Effect of Integration of Nanostructured Semimetals on Lubrication Performance of Non-Edible Vegetable Oil-Based Biolubricants 149
Umar Farooq and Farha Naaz

6.1 Introduction 150

6.2 Lubrication and Lubricating Materials 152

6.3 Inedible Vegetable Oils-Based Biolubricants 154

6.3.1 Resources 156

6.3.2 Properties 156

6.3.3 Merits and Demerits of Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants 157

6.4 Nanoparticle Additives to Enhance Tribological Performance of Non-Edible Vegetable Oil Lubricants 159

6.4.1 Tribological Performance-Based Categorization of Nanoparticles 161

6.4.2 Effect of Nanoparticle Dispersion Stability, Shape, Size, Surface, Concentration, and Kind of Tribo-Test on the Tribological Performance 161

6.4.2.1 Dispersion Stability 161

6.4.2.2 Shape of Nanoparticles 161

6.4.2.3 Size of Nanoparticles 162

6.4.2.4 Surface Functionalization 162

6.4.2.5 Nanoparticles Concentration 162

6.4.2.6 Nature of Tribo-Testing 163

6.5 Tribological Mechanisms of Nanoparticles 163

6.5.1 Ball-Bearing Effect 163

6.5.2 Protective Film Formation 163

6.5.3 Mending Effect or Self-Healing Effect 163

6.5.4 Polishing Effect 163

6.5.5 Semimetal-Based Nano-Biolubricants 164

6.5.6 Boron-Based Nanoadditives in Non-Edible Vegetable Oils-Based Lubricants 164

6.6 Conclusion 167

7 Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials--Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications Focused on Lubricating Behavior 173
Monika Chauhan, Diwakar Chauhan, Ajay Kumar and Arvind Kumar Jain

7.1 Introduction 174

7.2 Preparations 176

7.2.1 Synthesis of ZnO by Pulsed Laser Ablation Technique 176

7.2.2 Synthesis of ZnO by Chemical Vapor Deposition Method 177

7.2.3 Synthesis of ZnO by Anodization Method 179

7.2.4 Synthesis of ZnO by Electrophoretic Deposition Process 180

7.2.5 Hydrothermal Process for the Synthesis of ZnO 180

7.2.6 Synthesis of ZnO by Electrochemical Deposition Method 181

7.2.7 Preparation of ZnO by Using the Sol--Gel Technique 182

7.2.8 Synthesis of ZnO by Thermolysis Method 184

7.2.9 Synthesis of ZnO by Combustion Method 186

7.2.10 Synthesis of ZnO by Ultrasonic Method 186

7.2.11 Microwave-Assisted Combustion Method to Synthesize Zinc Oxide 187

7.2.12 Synthesis of ZnO by Co-Precipitation Method 188

7.2.13 Synthesis of ZnO by Green Synthesis Method 189

7.3 Characterization 191

7.4 Applications 197

8 Improvement in the Properties of BiodegradableNanolubricants 209
Sandip Paul Choudhury, Pushpendra Singh Shekhawat, Debanjan Bhattacharjee and Umesh K. Dwivedi

8.1 Introduction 209

8.1.1 Why Biodegradable Lubricants? 210

8.1.2 Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants 210

8.1.3 Synthetic Lubricants 211

8.1.4 Properties and Synthesis of Nanolubricants 212

8.2 Nanoparticles for Lubricants 213

8.3 Types of Biodegradable Nanolubricants 217

8.3.1 Vegetable Oil as a Biodegradable Lubricant 218

8.3.2 Additives-Based Biodegradable Nanolubricants 219

8.3.3 Water-Based Nanolubricants 222

8.4 Conclusion and Outlook 223

9 Nanodimensional Metal-/Metal Oxide-Incorporated Vegetable Oil-Based Biodegradable Lubricants: Environmental Benefits, Progress, and Challenges 229
Pooja Sharma, Umar Farooq, Syed Salman Ali and Kaneez Fatima

9.1 Introduction 230

9.2 Concept of Lubrication and Characteristics of a Lubricant 232

9.2.1 Friction 232

9.2.2 Wear 233

9.2.3 Lubrication Regimes 234

9.2.4 Characteristics of a Lubricant 235

9.3 Vegetable Oil-Based Biolubricants 236

9.3.1 Limitations of Vegetable Oils (VOs) as Lubricants 238

9.3.1.1 Auto-Oxidation 238

9.3.1.2 Photo-Oxidation of VOs 240

9.3.1.3 Thermal Oxidation of Vegetable Oils 241

9.4 Nanolubricants 241

9.4.1 Mending Mechanism 242

9.4.2 Rolling/Ball-Bearing Mechanism 242

9.4.3 Formation of Protective Films 242

9.4.4 Polishing 243

9.4.5 Types of Nanoadditives 243

9.4.6 Vegetable Oil Metal/Metal Oxide-Based Nanolubricants 244

9.5 Challenges for Sustainable Bio-Nanolubrication 250

9.6 Conclusion 250

References 251

Index 257