Wireless Communication Standards

Todor Cooklev has been with San Francisco State University since 2002 where he teaches courses and conducts research in the area of wireless communications. During 1999–2002 he was with Aware, Inc. of Bedford, MA and Lafayette, CA. Prior to joining Aware he was with US Robotics, later 3Com Corporation, where he received the 3Com Inventor Award. In addition to wireless communications, he has worked in the area of voice band modems, DSL technology, and digital signal processing. He also has experience in consulting for government organizations and private technology and venture capital companies. Dr. Cooklev has given a number of short courses, seminars, and invited talks and has also made contributions to the IEEE 802.11, 802.15, and 802.16 families of standards. He is a member of the IEEE Standards Association and has served the IEEE in a number of volunteer capacities. He is also on the Advisory Board of the IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 1995, and also received a NATO Science Fellowship Award in that same year. He is the inventor on several patents in the United States and author of a number of publications in the areas of communication systems, protocols, and signal processing.

Preface xi

Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Overview 1

Government regulations 5

Recent regulatory changes 10

Future FCC directions 12

International Regulations 13

Standardization bodies 17

Wireless channels 24

Introduction to cryptographic algorithms 32

Design of a wireless communication standard 35

MAC requirements 36

PHY requirements 40

Sublayers of PHY and MAC 41

Chapter 2 The IEEE Standard for WLAN: IEEE 802.11 45

Overview and architecture 45

IEEE 802.11 security 49

Authentication 50

Privacy 58

Interaccess Point Protocol (IAPP) 66

Medium-access mechanism and real-time traffic over

IEEE 802.11 70

Enhancements in IEEE 802.1 le 81

Power-saving mechanism 94

IEEE 802.11 physical layers 96

DSSS PHY 97

IEEE 802.11b 98

IEEE 802.11a 103

IEEE 802.11g 113

WLAN installation 117

IEEE 802.11 technology and business trends 125

Chapter 3 Standards for Wireless Personal Area Networking (WPAN) 133

Introduction 133

Comparing WPAN and WLAN 133

IEEE 802.15.1 135

IEEE 802.15.1 Physical layer 137

Baseband 139

LMP and L2CAP 162

Coexistence among wireless standards 164

Collaborative methods 168

Noncollaborative methods 170

Channel classification 174

PHY and MAC models 176

High-Rate WPAN 179

MAC layer 181

Physical layer for the 2.4 GHz ISM Band 195

Low-Rate WPAN 201

Overview and architecture 201

PHY Layer 204

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC 207

Coexistence issues involving IEEE 802.15.4 216

WPAN technology and business trends 218

Chapter 4 Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems 225

MAC convergence sublayer 231

MAC common part sublayer 233

Network entry and initialization 238

Channel access and QoS 241

MAC security sublayer 248

Authentication 250

Data encryption with DES 255

MAC enhancements for 2-11 GHz operation 256

MAC enhancements for mesh systems 257

Advanced antenna systems (AAS) 261

Automatic repeat request (ARQ) 265

DFS for license-exempt operation 267

MAC enhancements for OFDM and OFDMA PHYs 268

IEEE 802.16 physical layers 269

Physical layer for 10-66 GHz 270

Physical layers for 2-11 GHz operation 286

Coexistence 317

BWA business and technology trends 331

Chapter 5 Concluding Remarks 335

Bibliography 337

Glossary 351

Index 357