Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume 7

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993. Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 150 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants.

Preface xi

1 Stress Distribution and Design Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Tubular Composite Joints: A Review 1
Mohammad Shishesaz

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 A Brief Review of Stress Analysis in Tubular Composite Joints 4

1.3 Governing Equations Based on Linear Elasticity 10

1.3.1 Typical Assumptions in a Tubular Lap Joint Under Torsion 10

1.3.2 Stress Distribution in a Defect-Free Tubular Lap Joint Under Torsion 19

1.3.3 Stress Distribution in Defect-Free Joints Under Bending Moment 23

1.3.4 Stress Distribution in Defect-Free Joints Under Axial Load 24

1.3.5 Design Aspects Related to Adhesive Layer 28

1.3.6 Stress Distribution in Damaged Joints Due to Voids, Debonds, or Delaminations 32

1.3.7 Stress Distribution in Hybrid Joints Under Torsion 40

1.4 Nonlinear Analysis and Stress Distribution in Tubular Composite Joints 45

1.5 Failure Analysis of Adhesive Layer 47

1.6 Summary 50

2 Durability of Structural Adhesive Joints: Factors Affecting Durability, Durability Assessment and Ways to Improve Durability 57
H. S. Panda, Srujan Sapkal and S. K. Panigrahi

2.1 Introduction 59

2.2 Factors Affecting Durability 60

2.2.1 Materials 61

2.2.1.1 Adhesives 61

2.2.2 Effects of Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 68

2.2.2.1 Elastic Modulus 68

2.2.2.2 Lap-Shear Strength 69

2.2.3 Effects of Adherends 70

2.2.3.1 Aluminium 71

2.2.3.2 Steel 77

2.2.3.3 Titanium 81

2.2.4 Effects of Environment 82

2.2.4.1 Moisture 82

2.2.4.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) 84

2.2.4.3 Stress 85

2.2.4.4 Temperature 86

2.2.5 Other Factors Affecting the Durability of Adhesive Joints 87

2.3 Durability Assessment 87

2.4 Methods to Improve Durability 90

2.4.1 Addition of Nano-Fillers 91

2.4.1.1 Carbon Nanofillers 92

2.4.1.2 Alumina-Based Nano-Fillers 94

2.4.1.3 Silica-Based Nano-Fillers 95

2.4.1.4 Other Nanofillers 99

2.5 Summary 102

3 Mechanical Surface Treatment of Adherends for Adhesive Bonding 113
Anna Rudawska

3.1 Introduction 114

3.2 Characteristics of Mechanical Surface Treatment Methods 116

3.2.1 Introduction 116

3.2.2 Processing with Coated Abrasive Tools 117

3.2.3 Abrasive Blasting 122

3.2.4 Shot Peening 125

3.2.5 Brushing 126

3.2.6 Milling 127

3.2.7 Grinding 127

3.3 Types of Abrasive Blasting Operations 128

3.3.1 Sandblasting 129

3.3.2 Shot Blasting 132

3.3.3 Grit-Blasting 134

3.3.4 Corundumizing 134

3.3.5 Glazing 134

3.3.6 Dry Ice Blasting 134

3.3.7 Soda Blasting 135

3.4 Influence of Mechanical Treatment on the Strength of Adhesive Joints 136

3.4.1 Processing with Abrasive Coated Tools 136

3.4.1.1 Mechanical Treatment Using Single and Multiple Abrasive Coated Tools 136

3.4.1.2 Surface Treatment with a Single Type of Abrasive Paper 143

3.4.2 Abrasive Blasting - Sandblasting 145

3.4.2.1 Influence of the Type of Abrasive Blasting on the Strength of Adhesive Joints: Sandblasting and Grit-Blasting 145

3.4.2.2 Influence of Abrasive Blasting Parameters on the Strength of Adhesive Joints 147

3.4.3 Abrasive Blasting – Shot Peening 158

3.4.3.1 Influence of Different Variants of Surface Treatment Methods Including Shot Peening on the Strength of Adhesive Joints 158

3.5 Summary 161

4 Surface Modification of Polymer Materials by Excimer 172 nm UV Light: A Review 171
Keiko Gotoh

4.1 Introduction 172

4.2 Wettability Measurements by Conventional Sessile Drop Technique 173

4.3 Preference for the Wilhelmy Technique in Wettability Analyses 176

4.4 UV Lithography Technique for Preparation of Mosaic Wettability Pattern 180

4.5 Chemical and Topographical Changes on Polymer Surfaces Due to UV Treatment 182

4.6 Determination of Surface Free Energy by Contact Angle Measurements 184

4.7 Effect of UV Treatment on Particle Adhesion 186

4.8 Improvement in Textile Performance by UV Treatment 188

4.9 Summary and Prospects 195

5 Corona Discharge Treatment for Surface Modification and Adhesion Improvement 203
Thomas Schuman

5.1 Introduction 203

5.2 Historical Development of Corona Treatment Technique and Various Set-Ups Available 204

5.3 Factors Affecting the Outcome of Corona Treatment 207

5.3.1 Corona Dosage 207

5.3.2 Electrode Gap 208

5.4 Effects Produced by Corona Treatment 208

5.5 Surface Analysis of Corona-Treated Materials 209

5.5.1 Contact Angle Measurements 209

5.5.2 Surface Free Energy Determination 210

5.5.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis 214

5.5.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Analysis 217

5.5.5 Adhesion Property 218

5.6 Summary 219

6 Adhesion Activation of Aramid Fibers for Industrial Use 225
Pieter J. de Lange, Peter G. Akker, Tony Mathew and Michel H.J. van den Tweel

6.1 Introduction 226

6.2 Adhesion Between Aramid Fibers and Rubber 228

6.2.1 Adhesion Activation Process 230

6.2.1.1 "Maturation" of the Adhesion Active Finish 230

6.2.1.2 Application and Curing 231

6.2.1.3 Resulting Chemical Surface Structure 232

6.2.1.4 Resulting Physical Surface Structure 234

6.2.2 RFL Dipping Process 234

6.2.2.1 Fiber-RFL Interface 234

6.2.2.2 RFL-Rubber Interface 236

6.3 Adhesion Between Aramid Fibers and Other Matrices 237

6.3.1 Thermoset Matrix 237

6.3.1.1 Micromechanical Testing 237

6.3.1.2 Macroscopic Adhesion and Composite Testing 238

6.3.2 Thermoplastic Matrix 239

6.4 Effect of Processing Oil on Adhesion 240

6.4.1 XPS Analysis 241

6.4.2 Adhesion to a Rubber Matrix 243

6.4.3 Adhesion to an Epoxy Matrix 243

6.5 Plasma Activation of Aramid Fibers 245

6.5.1 Experimental Details 247

6.5.2 Adhesion Results 248

6.5.2.1 Optimization Experiments 248

6.5.2.2 Adhesion of Plasma Activated Fiber Bundles 248

6.5.2.3 Adhesion of Plasma Activated Cords 250

6.5.2.4 Explanation of the Difference in Adhesion Between Fiber Bundles and Cords 251

6.5.3 Conclusions Regarding Plasma Activation for Industrial Use 253

6.5.3.1 Fiber Bundle Treatment 253

6.5.3.2 Cord Treatment 254

6.5.3.3 Matrices Other Than Rubber 254

6.6 Short-Cut Fibers 254

6.6.1 Applications in Rubber Matrix 255

6.6.2 Applications in Engineering Plastics 257

6.7 Summary and Prospects 257

7 Dual-Cured Hydrogels for Bioadhesives and Various Biomedical Applications 265
Achiad Zilberfarb, Gali Cohen, Hanna Dodiuk and Elizabeth Amir

7.1 Introduction 267

7.2 Discussion 269

7.2.1 Curing Mechanisms 269

7.2.1.1 Free Radical and Coordination Mechanisms 269

7.2.1.2 Free Radical and Condensation Mechanisms 297

7.2.1.3 Coordination and Condensation Mechanisms 306

7.2.1.4 Free Radical and Ring Opening Mechanisms 314

7.2.1.5 Free Radical and Cycloaddition Mechanisms 315

7.2.1.6 Free Radical and Nucleophilic Addition Mechanisms 317

7.2.1.7 Nucleophilic Addition and Coordination Mechanisms 317

7.2.1.8 Condensation and Cycloaddition Mechanisms 319

7.2.1.9 Cycloaddition and Coordination Mechanisms 320

7.2.1.10 Coordination and Ring Opening Mechanisms 323

7.2.2 Processing 325

7.2.2.1 Photopatterning 327

7.2.2.2 3D Bioprinting 327

7.2.2.3 Injectable Hydrogels 328

7.2.3 Properties 331

7.2.4 Applications 333

7.3 Summary 335

8 Non-Adhesive SLIPS-Like Surfaces: Fabrication and Applications 347
Swithin Hanosh and Sajan D. George

List of Abbreviations 348

8.1 Introduction 348

8.2 Role of Contact Angle Hysteresis in Repelling Liquids 351

8.3 Non-Adhesive SLIPS-Like Surfaces 355

8.4 Applications 362

8.4.1 Anti-Biofouling/Anti-Fouling 362

8.4.2 Anti-Scaling 365

8.4.3 Liquid Transportation 366

8.4.4 Anti-Icing 368

8.4.5 Other Applications 370

8.5 Summary and Outlook 372

Acknowledgments 373

References 373

Index 381