Polymer Surface Modification to Enhance Adhesion

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993. Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Sk³odowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 160 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants. Anil N. Netravali was the Jean and Douglas McLean Professor of Fiber Science and Apparel Design in the Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design at Cornell University until his retirement in 2023. Since 1984 he has been working in the field of polymer composites. He has published widely in the area of fiber/resin interface characterization and control through fiber surface modification and resin modification using nanoparticles and nanofibrils. In the past 25 years, he has made significant contributions in the area of 'green' resins, composites and nanocomposites that are fully derived from plants. He was the recipient of the Fiber Society's Founders Award in 2012 and received the Green of the Crop award from the Creative Core (NY) in 2010.

Preface xvii

Part I: Energetic Treatments 1

1 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment of Polymers to Enhance Adhesion 3
K. Lachmann, M. Omelan, T. Neubert, K. Hain and M. Thomas

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Historical Development of APPTs 6

1.3 Functional Groups Produced by APPTs 8

1.4 Adhesion Improvement for Bonding 13

1.5 Targeted Adhesion for Biomedical Applications 18

1.6 Relevance of Adhesion in Additive Manufacturing 23

1.7 Summary 34

1.8 Acknowledgements 36

2 Corona Treatment of Polymer Surfaces to Enhance Adhesion 45
N. Dole, K. Ahmadi, D. Solanki, V. Swaminathan, V. Keswani and M. Keswani

2.1 Introduction 46

2.2 Mechanism of Corona Treatment 50

2.3 Factors Affecting Performance of Corona Treatment 56

2.4 Surface Effects of Corona Treatment 62

2.5 Adhesion Improvement by Corona Treatment 67

2.6 Summary 69

3 Flame Surface Treatment of Polymers to Enhance Their Adhesion 77
Joseph DiGiacomo and LaWayne Johnson

3.1 Introduction 78

3.2 Chemistry of Flame Treatment 83

3.3 Flame Treatment Equipment 85

3.4 Factors Controlling Flame Plasma Surface Treatment 88

3.5 Measurement of Treatment Level 109

3.6 Safety and Other Considerations 111

3.7 Adhesion Improvement 113

3.8 Summary 115

4 Vacuum UV (VUV) Photo-Oxidation of Polymer Surfaces to Enhance Adhesion 119
Gerald A. Takacs and Massoud J. Miri

4.1 Introduction 119

4.2 Vacuum UV Photo-Oxidation Process 121

4.3 Adhesion to VUV Surface Photo-Oxidized Polymers 128

4.4 Sustainable Polymers 140

4.5 Summary 144

5 Application-Related Optimization of Adhesion of Polymers Using Photochemical Surface Modification 155
Thomas Bahners, Jochen S. Gutmann and Jörg Müssig

5.1 Introduction 156

5.2 Photochemical Surface Modification 159

5.3 Using Photo-Addition and Photo-Grafting to Promote the Adhesion Property of Hydrophobic Substrates 169

5.4 Enhancing Adhesion of Hydrophobic Materials on Hydrophilic Substrates -- Biobased Composites as Case Study 174

5.5 Biosystems: Cell and Protein Adhesion, Antifouling Surfaces 179

5.6 Summary 190

6 UV/Ozone Surface Treatment of Polymers to Enhance Their Adhesion 199
Johannes A. Poulis and Adriaan Kwakernaak

6.1 Introduction 199

6.2 Historical Development of UV/Ozone Surface Treatment 203

6.3 Parameters Controlling the UV/Ozone Surface Treatment Process 204

6.4 Surface Changes of Polymeric Materials by UV/Ozone Treatment 216

6.5 Surface Analysis of UV/Ozone Treated Polymeric Surfaces 222

6.6 UV/Ozone Treatment of Polymers: Improved Wetting and Adhesion 229

6.7 Prospects 262

6.8 Summary 263

7 Adhesion Enhancement of Polymer Surfaces by Ion Beam Treatment 273
Endu Sekhar Srinadhu, Dinesh P. R. Thanu, Srilakshmi Putta, Mingrui Zhao, Bishwambhar Sengupta, Lakshmi Phani Arabandi, Jatinder Kumar, Radhey Shyam, Vinay H. Keswani and Manish Keswani

7.1 Introduction 274

7.2 Ion Beam Treatment of Polymers 277

7.3 Analysis Techniques to Analyze Post Ion Beam Treatment 280

7.4 Polymer Surface Modifications for Biomedical Applications 288

7.5 Polymer Surface Modification for Microelectronics Applications 302

7.6 Summary 317

8 Polymer Surface Modification by Charged Particles from Plasma Using Plasma-Based Ion Implantation Technique 329
Takeshi Tanaka, Koji Kakugawa and Katia Vutova

8.1 Introduction 330

8.2 Overview of Literature About Polymer Surface Modification by Charged Particles from Plasma Using Plasma-Based Ion Implantation 331

8.3 Principle of PBII: Advantages and Limitations 334

8.4 Equipment Needed 335

8.5 Factors Influencing the Outcome/Results 339

8.6 Results Showing Adhesion Improvement after PBII Treatment 348

8.7 Prospects 349

8.8 Summary 349

9 Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials for the Modification of Wettability and Adhesion Characteristics 365
D.G. Waugh and J. Lawrence

9.1 Introduction 366

9.2 Methods for Measuring Wettability and Adhesion Characteristics 367

9.3 Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials 370

9.4 Summary 383

10 Competition in Adhesion between Polysort and Monosort Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces Coated with Vacuum-Evaporated Aluminium 389
Jörg Florian Friedrich

10.1 Introduction 390

10.2 Differences in Adhesion between Poly- and Monosort Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces 392

10.3 Bonding of Metal Coatings to Polysort and Monosort Functionalized Polyolefins 426

10.4 Adhesion Results for Evaporated Aluminium Coating on Poly- and Monosort Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces 432

10.5 Realization of Ideal Covalently Bonded Interface 443

10.6 Summary 447

Part II: Chemical Treatments 459

11 Amine-Terminated Dendritic Materials for Polymer SurfaceModification to Enhance Adhesion 461
Zaynab Daneshzand, Kiana Karimi, Somaye Akbari andAtefeh Solouk

11.1 Introduction 462

11.2 Dendritic Materials 463

11.3 Amine-Terminated Dendritic Materials as Adhesion Modifiers 464

11.4 Applications of Amine-Terminated Dendritic Materials in Adhesion 468

11.5 Summary 478

12 Arginine--Glycine--Aspartic Acid (RGD) Modification of Polymer Surfaces to Enhance Cell Adhesion 487
Yawen Li

12.1 Introduction 487

12.2 RGD Peptides 488

12.3 RGD Immobilization Techniques 492

12.4 Characterization 505

12.5 Applications 506

12.6 Summary 509

13 Adhesion Promotors for Polymer Surfaces 517
Thomas P. Schuman

13.1 To Coat or Not to Coat Polymer Surfaces 517

13.2 Theory of Adhesion: Adhesion Forces 519

13.3 Plastics 520

13.4 Polymer Adhesion Mechanisms 523

13.5 Pretreatments 534

13.6 Summary 553

References 554

Index 559