Physical Metallurgy

Preface INTRODUCTION
Metallic Elements
Price and Abundance
Miscellany and Problems FREEZING
Introduction
Liquid Metals
Nucleation
Growth
Ingot Structure
Segregation During Freezing
Zone Refining
Steady State
Dendritic
Growth
Length and Spacing of Dendrite Arms
Consequences of Dendritic Growth
Gas Solubility and Gas Porosity
Growth of Single Crystals
Eutectic Solidification
Peritectic Freezing
Metal glasses
Miscellany, References, and Problems DIFFUSION
Fick’s1ST Law
Fick’s 2nd Law
Solutions to Fick’s 2nd Law
Mechanisms of Diffusion
Kirkendall Effect
Special Diffusion Paths
Darken's Equation
Diffusion in Systems with More Than ONE phase
Miscellany, References, and Problems
SURFACES
Direct Measurements of Surface Energy
Measurements of Relative Surface Energies
Wetting Angles of Surface Energy to Bonding
Anisotropy of Surface Energy
Segregation to Surfaces
Data on Various Systems
Miscellany, References, and Problems
SOLID SOLUTIONS
Types of Solid Solutions
Electron-to-Atom Ratio
Entropy of Mixing
Enthalpy of Mixing
Free Energy Change on Mixing
Equilibrium Vacancy and Interstitial Concentrations
Ordered vs. Random Solid Solutions
Miscellany, References, and Problems INTERMEDIATE PHASES
Hume-Rothery or Electron Phases
Covalent Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Interstitial Compounds
Laves Compounds
Miscellany, References, and Problems PHASE DIAGRAMS
Review of Binary Phase Diagrams
Invariant Reactions
Lever Law
The Gibb’s Phase Rule
Ternary Phase Diagrams
Miscellany, References, and Problems DISLOCATIONS
The Nature of Dislocations
Energy of a Screw Dislocation
Burgers Vector Notation
Reactions Between Parallel Dislocations and Frank's Rule
Stress Fields Around Dislocations
Forces on Dislocations
Partial Dislocations in Fcc Crystals
Stacking Faults
Cross Slip
Miscellany, References, and Problems ANNEALING
General
Recovery
Recrystallization
Avrami Kinetics
Analysis of Grain Shape
Grain Growth
Limiting Grain Size
Summary of Grain Growth
Summary for the Chapter
Miscellany, References, and Problems PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS
Classification of Phase Changes
Martensitic Transformations
Spinodal Decomposition
Nucleation
Growth
Overall Kinetics
Precipitation from Supersaturated Solid Solution
Precipitation Hardening Kinetics
Growth of Precipitates
Precipitation Kinetics
Hardening Mechanism
Ostwald Ripening
Practical Age-Hardening Treatments
Additional Comments
Aluminum – Copper Alloys
Habit
Miscellany, References, and Problems ALUMINUM ALLOYS
Uses
Alloys
Wrought Alloys
Casting Alloys
Powder-Processing
Corrosion Resistance
Aluminum-Lithium Alloys
Miscellany, References, and Problems COPPER AND NICKEL ALLOYS
Commercially Pure Copper
Copper-Zinc Alloys
Bronzes
Lead Additions
Copper-Nickel Alloys
Beryllium cOpper
Corrosion
Nickel-Base Alloys
Miscellany, References, and Problems HEXAGONAL METALS
General
Zinc
Magnesium
Titanium
Zirconium
Beryllium
Miscellany, References, and Problems OTHER NONFERROUS ALLOYS
Lead
Tin
Gold
Silver
Platinum Metals
Group VA and VIA Metals
Alloys with Special Physical Properties
Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Points
Miscellaneous Metals
Miscellany, References, and Problems STEELS
Microstructures of Carbon Steels
Kinetics of Pearlite Formation
Alloying Elements in Steel
Isothermal Transformation Diagrams
Continuous Cooling Diagrams
Martensite
Special Heat Treatments
Miscellany, References, and Problems HARDENING OF STEELS
Hardenability: Jominey End-Quench Test
Ideal Diameter Calculations
Boron
Martensite and Retained Austenite
Miscellany, References, and Problems TEMPERING AND SURFACE HARDENING
Tempering
Secondary Hardening
Temper Embrittlement
Carburizing
Nitriding
Carbonitriding
Case Hardening without Composition Change
Furnace Atmospheres
Miscellany, References, and Problems LOW CARBON STEELS
Sheet Steels
Special Grades
Coatings
Special Concerns
Miscellany, References, and Problems SPECIAL STEELS
Stainless Steels
Hadfield Austenitic Manganese Steel
Maraging Steels
Trip Steels
Tool Steels
Silicon Steels
Miscellany, References, and Problems CAST IRONS
General
White Iron
Gray Irons
Ductile Irons
Malleable Iron
Matrices
Miscellany, References, and Problems WELDING
Welding without Melting
Resistance Welding
Arc Welding
Heat Distribution
Torch Welding
Metallurgy of Welding
Residual Stresses and Distortion
Braze-Welding of Cast Iron
Brazing and Soldering
Joint Design
Hard Facing
Miscellany, References, and Problems POWDER PROCESSING
Powders
Powder Pressing
Sintering
Sintering – Later Stage
Liquid Phase Sintering
Activated Sintering
Hot Pressing
Strength and Ductility
Miscellany, References, and Problems CORROSION
Corrosion Cells
Current Density
Polarization
Passivation
Corrosion Control
Rust
Direct Oxidation
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Hydride Formation
Miscellany, References, and Problems MAGNETIC MATERIALS
General
Magnetostatic Energy
Magnetocrystalline Energy
Magnetostriction
Physical Units
B-H Curve
Curie Temperature
Bloch walls
Soft vs. Hard Magnetic Materials
Soft Magnetic Materials
Hard Magnetic Materials
Summary
Miscellany, References, and Problems APPENDIX A: MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ASTM Grain Size Number
Linear Intercept Grain Size
Relation of Grain Boundary Area Per Volume to Linear Intercept
Relation of the Number of Intersections Per Area to the Length of Line Per Volume
Dihedral Angles
Microstructural Relationships
References
Problems APPENDIX B: STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
The Stereographic Projection
Locating the Hkı Pole in the Standard Projection of a Cubic Crystal
Problems APPENDIX C: MILLER-BRAVAIS INDICES FOR HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS
Miller-Bravais Indices for Hexagonal Crystals
Planar Indices
Direction Indices
Problems