Designing Commercial Interiors

Christine M. Piotrowski, FASID, IIDA, of Phoenix, Arizona, has more than 30 years of commercial and residential design experience and is a retired Professor of interior design with 16 years of teaching experience at Northern Arizona University. Piotrowski was President of the Arizona North Chapter of ASID in 2002-2003 and served on ASID national committees as well as NCIDQ committees. She has won the ASID/Polsky Prize twice and is the author of Professional Practice for Interior Designers, 6th edition.

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xxi

1 Commercial Interior Design 1

Historical Overview 3

Understanding the Client’s Business 5

Working in Commercial Interior Design 7

Where the Jobs Are 12

BOX Working in a Small Versus Working in a Large Firm 14

Professionalism 15

Professional Competency 15

Licensing and Registration 17

Ethics 18

Professional Growth 19

Key Terms 20

Bibliography and References 20

Internet Resources 23

2 Forces that Shape Commercial Interior Design 25

Cultural Sensitivity 26

Global Marketplace 29

Sustainable Design 33

Overview 33

BOX Environmental Stewardship 36

LEED Certification and Credentials 37

The Triple Bottom Line 41

Does Going Green Cost More? 41

The Indoor Environment and the Interior Designer 43

Product Specification Principles 44

Security and Safety 48

Codes 50

Permitting Process and Officials 51

Occupancy Classifications 53

BOX Occupancy Classifications 54

Accessible Design 55

Design Applications— Restroom Facilities 56

Restroom Accessibility— General Planning Concepts 57

BOX Influence of Corporate Brands 60

Key Terms 61

Bibliography and References 61

Internet Resources 65

3 Research in Interior Design 67

Research Methodologies in Design 68

The Importance of Research in Design 68

Research Steps 69

BOX Benchmarking 72

Evidence- Based Design 72

BOX Design Thinking 74

Problem Solving in Design 74

Project Goals and Concept Development 77

Design Process 78

Programming Elements 80

BOX Asking Questions 82

Key Terms 82

Bibliography and References 83

Internet Resources 84

4 Project Management 85

What Is Project Management? 85

Role and Responsibilities of the Project Manager 87

Working Relationships with Stakeholders and Team Members 90

Managing the Design Team 90

Client Relationships and Client Expectations 92

BOX Tips for Working with Executive- Level Clients 94

Project Delivery Methods 95

Design- Bid- Build: Traditional 96

Construction Management 97

Design- Build 98

Fast- Track 98

Integrated Design Process 99

Building Information Modeling (BIM) 100

Project Process 101

Proposals 101

Work Plan 102

BOX Typical CD Items 103

Scheduling 104

BOX Time Management Tips 107

Budget 107

Documentation 109

Post- Occupancy Evaluation 111

Adaptive Reuse 112

Overview of Adaptive Reuse 113

Methods and Applications 116

Project Strategies in Adaptive Reuse 117

Sustainable Design Issues in Adaptive Reuse 118

Key Terms 119

Bibliography and References 119

Internet Resources 123

5 The Office 125

Historical Overview 126

Issues Impacting Office Design 129

Collaborative Office Spaces 130

Coworking Space 132

Multigenerational Offices 132

BOX Generations in the Workforce 133

Wellness 133

Technology Integration 134

An Overview of Office Operations 134

BOX The Knowledge Worker 136

Traditional Office Organizational Structure 136

The New Office Organizational Structure 141

Corporate Culture 143

Image and Status 145

BOX Facility Management and Facility Planning 146

Key Terms 148

Bibliography and References 148

Internet Resources 152

6 Office Interior Design Elements 153

Types of Office Spaces 154

Planning and Design Elements 158

Feasibility Studies 159

BOX Selected Leasing Terminology 160

Sustainable Design 162

Safety and Security 163

Code Requirements 164

Space Allocation and Circulation 167

ADA Impact in Office Planning 170

Furniture 172

Materials, Finishes, and Color 181

BOX Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Open Plan 182

Mechanical Systems 186

Design Applications 193

Closed Office Plans 194

Open Office Plans 206

Designing a Small, Professional Office 210

BOX Home Offices 214

Key Terms 216

Bibliography and References 216

Internet Resources 220

7 Lodging Facilities 223

Historical Overview 224

Overview of Lodging Business Operations 226

Management and Responsibility Areas 228

Types of Lodging Facilities 229

The Changing Lodging Guest 233

Business versus Vacation Guest 233

Generational Sensitivities 235

Planning and Interior Design Elements 236

BOX Exterior Lodging Design 237

Feasibility Studies and Concept Statements 238

Sustainable Design 239

Safety and Security 240

Code Requirements 241

Space Allocation and Circulation 243

Wayfinding 246

Furniture 246

Materials, Finishes, and Color 248

Mechanical Systems 249

Design Applications 251

Generic Full- Service Hotel 252

Food and Beverage Facilities in Lodging 272

Bed and Breakfast Inns 275

Key Terms 278

Bibliography and References 279

Internet Resources 282

8 Food and Beverage Facilities 283

Historical Overview 284

Overview of Food and Beverage Business Operations 287

Types of Food and Beverage Facilities 289

Planning and Interior Design Elements 293

BOX Restaurant Exterior Design 294

Feasibility Study, Concept, and Menu Development 295

Sustainable Design 296

Safety and Security 298

Code Requirements 299

Space Allocation and Circulation 300

Furniture 304

Materials, Finishes, and Color 306

Mechanical Systems 308

Design Applications 310

Generic Full- Service Restaurant 310

Coffee Shops 321

Quick- Service Restaurant 324

Beverage Facilities 325

BOX Restrooms in Restaurants 330

Key Terms 330

Bibliography and References 331

Internet Resources 334

9 Retail Facilities 335

Historical Overview 336

Overview of Retail Business Operations 338

Store Merchandising 341

Types of Retail Facilities 344

Planning and Interior Design Elements 348

BOX Retail Store Exterior Design 348

Feasibility and Concept 350

Sustainable Design 350

Security and Safety 352

Code Requirements 353

Space Allocation and Circulation 354

Fixtures and Furniture 358

Materials, Finishes, and Color 359

Mechanical Systems 361

Design Applications 362

Generic Small Clothing Stores 363

Generic Small Gift Stores 368

Generic Jewelry Stores 372

Hardline Stores 374

BOX An Office Furniture Dealership or Showroom 376

Key Terms 377

Bibliography and References 378

Internet Resources 381

10 Healthcare Facilities 383

Historical Overview 384

Overview of Healthcare/Medicine 386

Forces Impacting Healthcare Design 390

Types of Healthcare Facilities 392

BOX Medical Office Buildings 394

Planning and Interior Design Elements 396

Feasibility Studies 397

Sustainable Design 399

Security and Safety 401

Code Requirements 402

ADA Issues 403

Space Allocation and Circulation 403

Wayfinding 405

Furniture 406

BOX The Healing Environment 407

Materials, Finishes, and Color 408

Mechanical Systems 410

Design Applications 411

Medical Office Suites 412

Specialized Medical Practice Suites 425

Hospitals 430

Urgent Care Facility 441

Dental Facilities 443

Key Terms 450

Bibliography and References 451

Internet Resources 455

11 Senior Living Facilities 457

Historical Overview 458

Overview of Senior Living Facilities 459

Forces Impacting Senior Living Design 463

Types of Senior Living Facilities 465

Planning and Interior Design Elements 472

Feasibility Studies 473

Sustainable Design 473

Security and Safety 474

Code Requirements 475

Space Allocation and Circulation 476

Furniture 480

Materials, Finishes, and Color 483

Mechanical Systems 486

Design Applications 487

Assisted- Living Facilities 487

Long- Term Care Facilities 492

Alzheimer’s and Dementia Facilities 495

Hospice Care Facilities 500

Key Terms 502

Bibliography and References 502

Internet Resources 506

12 Recreational Facilities 509

Overview 509

Types of Recreational Facilities 510

Fitness Center 511

Planning and Design Elements of a Fitness Center 511

Day Spas 514

Planning and Design Elements of a Day Spa 515

Golf Clubhouses 518

Planning and Design Elements of Golf Clubhouses 520

Auditoriums 525

Planning and Design Elements of Auditoriums 527

Key Terms 530

Bibliography and References 530

Internet Resources 533

Appendix 535

Trade Associations 535

Periodicals 537

Glossary 539

Index 565