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Importance of Hybrid Energy System in Reducing Greenhouse Emissions

Rupan Das*, Somudeep Bhattacharjee and Uttara Das

Department of Electrical Engineering, Tripura University, Agartala, India

Abstract

According to the current situation, certain undeveloped world areas are electrified, but with contamination-generating energy sources. In contrast to individual renewable energy sources, contamination-generating energy sources have the advantage of providing a consistent supply of electricity. As a result, they are used in a variety of locations around the world. The majority of these locations have the potential to generate renewable energy. Renewable resources, on the other hand, are irregular. As a result, the only alternative for replacing these polluting energy sources is a hybrid system based on renewable energy. Because a hybrid system produces electricity from different energy sources, it helps to ensure power supply reliability. Accordingly, this chapter contains a detailed discussion about environmental change. Moreover, it discusses the concept of a hybrid system and its role in minimizing the dangerous impacts of environmental change. In this chapter, a grid-connected solar-wind-diesel generator-based hybrid energy framework is developed. The hybrid energy system that is designed here gives more significance to the AC (Alternating Current) generation; however, DC (Direct Current) also comes into the act. Under all the operating conditions for meeting the load demand, the hybrid energy system has been designed to provide the output power at its maximum level. A diesel generator was connected to support the uninterrupted supply in load power if one of these two generation systems were to fail, and it works as a backup supply of power. The proposed hybrid system framework is simulated so that if two energy generation systems fail, then the diesel generator and grid satisfy the load demand. The simulation results show that this grid- connected renewable energy-based hybrid model successfully solved power generation utilizing renewable energy base sources and helps reduce pollution.

Keywords: Climate change, hybrid framework, integrated energy technologies, wind energy system, solar PV system

1.1 Introduction

Electricity generation by fossil fuel becomes more problematic due to lack of their resources. The burning of non-conventional resources increases greenhouse gases and is the leading cause of global warming. To mitigate this problem of global warming through power generation, renewable sources like solar, hydro, wind, biomass, etc., can easily be used. However, renewable sources also have some drawbacks, such as the lack of availability of solar power at night, the wind is very fluctuating in nature, also water is not sufficiently available during summer, and fuel is insufficient for biomass energy. But the individual disadvantages of renewable energy sources can be easily overcome using a hybrid energy framework. A hybrid energy framework also is an excellent solution to minimize greenhouse gases in urban areas and also rural areas with shorter construction time, low-cost and heavy accurate response to load, low emission [1–3]. This forces people to shift their interest towards grid-connected hybrid energy systems from non-renewable energy generation systems. The power generation capacity based on renewable energy comprises 12.6% of the total installed capacity in India for the generation of power. India’s total renewable energy installed capacity is 25,410 MW, where 70% comes from wind [4], 13% from hydro, 13% from solar, 4% from biomass. Different renewable energy of India contains different capacity factors; hydro has 35%-40%, wind has 25%-30%, and solar has 17% capacity factor [4].

According to the current reality, certain untouched places around the world are electrified using contamination-creating energy sources. Because contamination-producing energy sources have the advantage of ensuring a constant supply of electricity, they are used more widely over the world than individual renewable energy sources. However, this contamination-related energy generation has hazardous effects on global warming. Global warming, climate change, and pollution are the dangers and threats that human society currently faces. This global warming is bringing disturbance to the Earth. It is directly about environmental change [5, 6]. Climate change has recently been a hot topic, as the global climate pattern is fast altering, even day by day. Many objects or practices are utilized in the technical area that negatively impact our environment, such as using non-renewable energy sources, greenhouse gas emissions, etc. So, to deal with such disruption, we have to think about alternative energy production. In debates about sustainable development, one of the key elements is energy. As the world’s energy consumption peaks, energy conservation becomes a global priority. Electricity is one of the most important aspects and fundamental parts of our day-to-day life from all types of energy. With the increase in population all around the globe, the demand for electricity is increased. Then the question is all about how to generate clean and green energy [7, 8]. Given that the present convention of generating electricity across the globe is generally from non-conventional resources, more utilization of renewable energy sources is required to address these issues through power generation. Renewable energy resources are now one of the most promising options to address various difficulties since 1970 when significant companies worldwide faced a petroleum shortage and other crises. Environmental change, desertification, nursery impact, etc., are leading the world towards the renewable energy era. Another primary reason to look for alternate resources is that non-renewable sources are ecologically threatening. An Earth-wide temperature boost and large amounts of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) in the environment have constrained us to think about the alternative for these resources [9]. Utilizing natural and renewable resources such as solar, wind, wave, hydroelectric, geothermal, and tidal provide clean alternatives to non-renewable energy sources since they are ubiquitous, free, abundant, clean, and easily accessible, even in remote, untouched locations. Because of their commercial acceptance and technological maturity, solar and wind energy have risen to the top of the list. Furthermore, it is better to discover those places in the world that have the possibility of renewable power generation and use it for renewable power generation [11]. The majority of these locations have renewable energy-producing capabilities. Therefore, the sole option for minimizing environmental change is to use a hybrid system based on renewable energy to replace these polluting energy sources [12, 13].

However, one of the limitations of their development is their unpredictability, which is especially important when a consistent source of energy to meet the time distribution of load demand is required. Due to this disadvantage and the high initial cost and reliance on weather conditions, diverse renewable resources are combined to build an adaptable, reliable, cost-effective, and efficient hybrid. Therefore, a hybrid system using multiple energy sources is proposed for generating electricity. The use of renewable energy must be raised as much as feasible to address growing environmental issues [10]. One of the challenges of hybrid energy framework developments based on renewable energy is to design a renewable energy system with minimal negative socioeconomic and environmental implications. Therefore, an accurate hybrid system model requires knowledge of all aspects that influence the system’s performance and correct modeling for each component. This hybrid system helps to maintain the constant supply of power as well as environment-friendly characteristics. So, to achieve all these features, each of the components in the hybrid system are designed and optimally sized. This requires the world to turn its attention towards grid-connected hybrid energy systems, which combine two or more energy sources to ensure power supply continuity by retaining at least one conventional energy source as a backup. Therefore, the main goals of this system are the continuity of power generation and reduction of emission. Thereat, we design a grid-connected solar, wind, and diesel generator-based hybrid renewable energy system that can maintain continuity of power supply according to load demand. This proposed hybrid system is simulated so that if one of these two generation systems fails, then the diesel generator and grid satisfy the load demand.

In recent years, the increased adoption of wind and solar power has attracted interest in coordinated wind and solar power production. Wind power is well known for providing significant economic benefits to power system operations. Although wind turbine generators have two types as their building status, the machines whose speeds are constant are rotating in constant velocity without observing any wind speed. Secondly, the machines whose speed is variable rotate in variable velocity, observing every wind speed. The efficiency of energy conversion is very low for widely varying wind speeds for constant-speed wind turbines. Recently, the wind-turbine technology has shifted from constant-speed to variable-speed because there are more advantages in variable-speed machines because of the reduction of mechanical stresses, dynamic compensation for torque, and pulsation of power, enhancing the quality of power and also increasing the efficiency of the system [14]. However, due to the high level of...