Python for Engineers and Scientists

Dr. Rakesh Nayak, author of two text books, is currently a professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at O. P. Jindal University, Raigarh, Chhattisgarh, India. He earned his Master’s degree in Computer Applications from Indira Gandhi National Open University in the year 2007 and MTech in computer science and engineering from Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India in 2010 and his PhD degree in Computer Science from Behrampur University, Odisha, India in 2013. Prior to joining the computer science department of O. P. Jindal University in January 2022, he worked in various capacities in different Engineering/MCA colleges. He has more than 22 years of teaching experience and has guided 11 MTech students. He has many publications in international journals to his credit. Dr. Nishu Gupta is a senior member, IEEE. He is a postdoctoral fellow in the Smart Wireless Systems (SWS) Research Group at Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), located in Gjøvik, Norway. Before this position, he was an assistant professor in the Electronics and Communication Engineering department, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India. He earned his PhD degree from Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India, which is an Institute of National Importance as declared by the Govt. of India. He has authored and edited several books with international publishers such as Taylor & Francis, Springer, Wiley, Scrivener, among others. Dr. Nishu is on the editorial board of various International reputed journals and transactions. Dr. Nishu serves as an active reviewer in various highly reputed journals such as IEEE Transactions on ITS, IEEE Access, IET Communications and many more. He is a recipient of the Best Paper Presentation Award during an International Conference at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. His research interests include Autonomous Vehicles, Edge Computing, Augmented Intelligence, Internet of Things, Internet of Vehicles, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Ad-Hoc Networks, Vehicular Communication, Driving Efficiency, Cognitive Computing, and Human-Machine Interaction.

Dedication
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
Forewords
Preface

SECTION I: Python Fundamentals

Chapter 1- Interaction with Python
1.1 Introduction
1.2. Variables and Identifiers
1.2.1. How to Name Identifiers
1.2.2. Use of Descriptive Identifiers and Comments
1.2.3. Variable Types
1.2.3.1. Numeric Data types
1.2.3.2. None Data types
1.2.3.3. Sequence Data types
1.2.3.4. Set Data type
1.2.3.5. Mapping Data type
1.2.3.6. Array Datatype
1.3. Constant
1.4. Statement and Expression
1.5. Input statements
1.6. Output statements
1.7. Formatting Output statements
1.7.1. Escape Character
1.7.2. sep and end
1.7.3. String formatting with format()
1.7.4. Numbers formatting with format()
1.8. Comment Statement
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

Chapter 2- Operators
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Types of Operators
2.2.1. Assignment Operator
2.2.2. Arithmetic Operators
2.2.2.1. Precedence of Arithmetic Operators
2.2.3. Relational Operators
2.2.4. Logical Operators
2.2.4.1. and Operator
2.2.4.2. or Operator
2.2.4.3. not Operator
2.2.5. Increment and Decrement Operators
2.2.6. Bitwise Operators
2.2.6.1. Bitwise AND operator (&)
2.2.6.2. Bitwise OR operator (|)
2.2.6.3. Bitwise XOR operator (^)
2.2.6.4. Bitwise Complement (~)
2.2.6.5. Bitwise Left Shift (<<)
2.2.6.6. Bitwise Right Shift (>>)
2.2.7. Membership Operators
2.2.8. Identity Operators
2.2.9. Precedence of all Operators
2.3. Type Casting
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

Chapter 3 -Control Structures
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Conditionals
3.2.1. Conditional if-else
3.2.2. Conditional if-elif-else
3.2.3. Nested if-elif-else statements.
3.2.4. Ternary Operator
3.3. Loops
3.3.1. While Loop
3.3.2. For Loop
3.3.2.1. The range () function
3.3.3. Continue, Break and Pass
3.3.3.1. Continue Statement
3.3.3.2. Break Statement
3.3.3.3. Pass Statemtn
3.3.4. Nested Loops
3.4. Looping through two lists
3.5. Iterator
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

Chapter 4 -String
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Strings
4.2.1. Creating List
4.2.1.1. Creating an Empty String
4.2.1.2. Creating a sting from numbers
4.2.1.3. Creating a string from list and Tuple
4.2.2. Accessing String
4.2.2.1. Membership in String
4.2.3. String Operations
4.2.3.1. Concatenation
4.2.3.2. Repetition
4.2.4. Character Encoding
4.2.5. String Functions and Methods
4.2.6. String Slicing
4.2.6.1. String Slicing with Negative Index
4.2.6.2. String Slicing with Step
4.2.6.3. String Slicing Default Index
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER 5- List & Tuple
5.1. Introduction
5.2. List
5.2.1. Creating List
5.2.1.1. Creating an Empty list
5.2.1.2. Creating a list from a string
5.4.1.3. Creating a list by range function
5.2.1.4. Creating a list from another list
5.2.2. List Operations
5.2.3. Accessing List
5.2.3.1. Membership in List
5.2.4. List Functions and Methods
5.2.5. List Slicing
5.2.5.1. List Slicing with Negative Index
5.2.5.2. List Slicing with Step
5.2.5.3. List Slicing Default Index
5.2.6. Difference between Assignment and Copying a List
5.3. Multi-Dimensional Lists
5.3.1. Retrieval from Multidimensional list

5.4. Tuples
5.4.1. Creating Tuple
5.4.1.1. Creating a tuple with no item
5.4.1.2. Creating tuple with a single item
5.4.1.3. Nesting tuples
5.4.1.4. Creating Tuple from List
5.4.1.5. Creating Tuple from String
5.4.2. Tuple Operations
5.4.2.1. Concatenation (+) Operation
5.4.2.2. Repetition (*) Operation
5.4.3. Tuple Assignment
5.4.4. Accessing Tuple
5.4.4.1. Membership in Tuple
5.4.5. Updating Tuples
5.4.6. Tuple Functions & Methods
5.4.7. Tuple Slicing
5.5. Advantages of Tuple over List
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER-6 Dictionary
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Dictionaries
6.2.1. Creating Dictionary
6.2.1.1. Creating a dictionary with no item
6.2.1.2. Creating a dictionary with dict()
6.2.1.3. Creating a default dictionary
4.2.1.4. Creating a dictionary from list
6.2.1.5. Insertion of a new key-value
6.2.2. Dictionary Assignment
6.2.3. Accessing Dictionary
6.2.4. Dictionary Methods
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER-7 Set
7.1. Introduction
7.2. SET
7.2.1. Creating Set
7.2.1.1. Creating an Empty Set
7.2.1.2. Creating a Set from a List, Tuples and String
7.2.1.3. Creating a Set from a Dictionary
7.2.2. Accessing Set elements
7.2.3. Set Operations
7.2.3. Set Functions and Methods
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER-8 Methods
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Functions
8.3. Parameterized Function
8.3.1. Positional and Keyword Parameters
8.3.2. Default Parameter
8.3.3. Function with Variable number of Arguments
8.4. The Return Statement
8.5. Namespace and Scope of a variable
8.6. Recursive Function
8.7. Lambda Function
8.8. Generators
8.9. Python Modules
8.9.1. Importing a Module
8.9.2. Aliasing
8.9.3. User defined Module
8.10. Closures
8.11. Decorators
8.11. 1. Passing parameter to Decorator
8.11. 2. Decorator Chaining
8.12. Some special methods and Attributes
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER-9 File Handling
9.1. Introduction
9.2. File IO
9.2.1. File Opening and Closing
9.2.2. File Properties
9.2.3. File Reading
9.2.4. File Writing
9.2.5. Binary File Reading/Writing
9.2.6. CSV File Reading/Writing
9.3. File Position
9.4. Some more File operations
9.5. Operating System related Operations
9.6 The ‘with’ statement
9.7 Pickling
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

SECTION II: Object Oriented Concepts in Python

Chapter 10: Class and Objects
10.1. Introduction to Object Oriented Programming
10.2. Class and Object
10.2.1 Defining a Class
10.2.2 Generating an Object
10.2.3. __init__, __new__, and __del__
10.2.3.1 The __init__()
10.2.3.2 The __new__()
10.2.3.3 The __del__()
10.3. Variables and Methods
10.3.1. Variables
10.3.1.1. Object Variables (Instance Variables)
10.3.1.2. Class Variables (Static Variables)
10.3.2. Accessing Variables
10.4. Private and Public variables
10.4.1. Variable starts without any _ symbol (No Underscore)
10.4.2. Variable starting with _ symbol (single underscore)
10.4.3. Variable starting with __ symbols (two underscore)
10.5. Methods
10.5.1. Instance Method
10.5.2. Class Method
10.5.3 Static Method
10.6. Class inside a class (Inner Class)
10.6.1. Accessing attributes of inner Class
10.7. Some special methods
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER-11 Inheritance
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. Single Level inheritance
11.1.2. Multi-Level Inheritance
11.1.3. Multiple Inheritance
11.1.4. Hierarchical Inheritance
11.1.5. Hybrid Inheritance
11.2. Initialization in Inheritance
11.2.1. __init__() for the child class only is defined
11.2.2.__init__() for the base class only is defined
11.2.3.__init__() for both sub class and super class is defined
11.3. Method Resolution order (MRO)
11.4. Specialized Methods
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER-12 Polymorphism
12.1. Introduction
12.1.1. Duck-Typing
12.1.2. Operator Overloading
12.1.3. Method Overloading
12.1.4. Method Overriding
12.2. Encapsulation
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER-13 Abstract Class, Aggregation, Composition
13.1. Introduction- Abstract Class
13.2. Abstract Class and Abstract Method
13.3. Relationship
13.3.1. Association Relationship
13.3.2. Aggregation (uses a) relationship
13.3.3. Composition (has a) relationship
13.4. Difference between Inheritance and Association
13.5. Difference between Aggregation and Composition
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER-14 Exception Handling
14.1. Errors and Exceptions
14.2. The try, except, else, finally Block
14.2.1. The try, except Block
14.2.2. The try, except, else Block
14.2.3. The try, except, else, finally Block
14.2.4. Mentioning the Error Description
14.3. The Exception Hierarchy
14.4. Exception in a Function
14.5. The raised exception
14.6. User Defined Exceptions
14.7. Assertion
Additional Examples
Multiple Choice Questions
Descriptive Questions
Programming Questions
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions