Telecommunication System Engineering

ROGER L. FREEMAN is founder and Principal of Roger Freeman Associates, independent consultants in telecommunications, specializing in system engineering in the United States, Canada, and Hispanic America. In the course of over forty-five years’ experience in telecommunications operations, maintenance, and engineering, he has served as principal engineer for advanced system planning at the Raytheon Company, technical manager for ITT Marine Europe, and regional planning expert for the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), among other positions. In addition to the three previous editions of Telecommunication System Engineering, Mr. Freeman has written six other books on the subject of telecommunications engineering: Reference Manual for Telecommunications Engineering, Third Edition; Fiber-Optic Systems for Telecommunications; Fundamentals of Telecommunications; Radio System Design for Telecommunications, Second Edition; Practical Data Communications, Second Edition; and Telecommunications Transmission Handbook, Fourth Edition, all published by Wiley. A senior life member of the IEEE, Roger Freeman has lectured at numerous professional conferences and published widely in international telecommunications journals.

Preface xxiii

Chapter 1 Basic Telephony 1

1 Definition and Concept 1

2 The Simple Telephone Connection 2

3 Sources and Sinks 5

4 Telephone Networks: Introductory Terminology 5

5 Essentials of Traffic Engineering 6

6 Erlang and Poisson Traffic Formulas 16

7 Waiting Systems (Queueing) 25

8 Dimensioning and Efficiency 28

9 Bases of Network Configurations 31

10 Variations in Traffic Flow 34

11 One-Way and Both-Way (Two-Way) Circuits 35

12 Quality of Service 35

Chapter 2 Local Networks 41

1 Introduction 41

2 Subscriber Loop Design 43

3 Current Loop Design Techniques Used in North America 53

4 Size of an Exchange Area Based on Number of Subscribers Served 55

5 Shape of a Serving Area 56

6 Exchange Location 58

7 Design of Local Area Analog Trunks (Junctions) 62

8 Voice-Frequency Repeaters 64

9 Tandem Routing 65

10 Dimensioning of Trunks 67

11 Community of Interest 68

Chapter 3 SwitchinginanAnalogEnvironment 73

1 Introduction 73

2 Numbering, One Basis of Switching 75

3 Concentration and Expansion 76

4 Basic Switching Functions 77

5 Introductory Switching Concepts 79

6 Electromechanical Switching 81

7 Multiples and Links 82

8 Definitions: Degeneration, Availability, and Grading 83

9 The Crossbar Switch 84

10 System Control 85

11 Stored-Program Control 89

12 Concentrators, Outside Plant Modules, Remote Switching, and Satellites 95

13 Call Charging: European versus North American Approaches 96

14 Transmission Factors in Switching 97

15 Zero Test Level Point 97

16 Numbering Concepts for Telephony 98

17 Telephone Traffic Measurement 104

18 Dial-Service Observation 106

Chapter 4 Signaling for Analog Telephone Networks 111

1 Introduction 111

2 Supervisory Signaling 112

3 AC Signaling 115

4 Address Signaling: Introduction 117

5 Compelled Signaling 126

6 Link-by-Link versus End-to-End Signaling 127

7 The Effects of Numbering on Signaling 129

8 Associated and Disassociated Channel Signaling 130

9 Signaling in the Subscriber Loop 132

10 Metallic Trunk Signaling 133

Chapter 5 Introduction to Transmission for Telephony 139

1 Purpose and Scope 139

2 The Three Basic Impairments to Voice Channel Transmission 140

3 Two-Wire and Four-Wire Transmission 147

4 Multiplexing 150

5 Shaping of a Voice Channel and its Meaning in Noise Measurement Units 151

Chapter 6 Long-Distance Networks 157

1 General 157

2 The Design Problem 158

3 Link Limitation 159

4 International Network 159

5 Exchange Location (Toll/Long-Distance Network) 161

6 Network Design Procedures 163

7 Traffic Routing in the National Network 169

8 Transmission Factors in Long-Distance Telephony 175

Chapter 7 The Design of Long-Distance Links 185

1 Introduction 185

2 The Bearer 186

3 Introduction to Radio Transmission 186

4 Design Essentials for Line-of-Sight Microwave Systems 187

5 Satellite Communications 212

6 Fiber-Optic Communication Links 236

Chapter 8 Digital Transmission Systems 261

1 Digital versus Analog Transmission 261

2 Basis of Pulse-Code Modulation 262

3 Development of a Pulse-Code Modulation Signal 263

4 Pulse-Code Modulation System Operation 275

5 Practical Applications 277

6 PCM Line Codes 278

7 Regenerative Repeaters 278

8 Signal-to-Gaussian-Noise Ratio on Pulse-Code Modulation Repeated Lines 280

9 PCM System Enhancements 281

10 Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems 284

11 Long-Distance PCM Transmission 290

12 Digital Loop Carrier 292

13 SONET and SDH 293

14 Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Transmission 311

Chapter 9 Digital Switching and Networks 317

1 Introduction 317

2 Advantages and Issues of PCM Switching When Compared to Its Analog Counterpart 319

3 Approaches to PCM Switching 320

4 Digital Switching Concepts—Background 326

5 The Digital Network 333

Chapter 10 Introduction to Data Communications 365

1 Overview 365

2 The Bit 366

3 Removing Ambiguity—Binary Convention 366

4 Coding 367

5 Errors in Data Transmission 372

6 The DC Nature of Data Transmission 378

7 Binary Transmission and the Concept of Time 380

8 Data Interface—The Physical Layer 388

9 Digital Transmission on an Analog Channel 392

Chapter 11 Data Networks and their Operation 409

1 Introduction 409

2 Initial Design Considerations 412

3 Network Topologies and Configurations 414

4 Overview of Data Switching 417

5 Circuit Optimization 421

6 Data Network Operation 424

7 TCP/IP and Related Protocols 448

8 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 469

9 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 474

Chapter 12 Voice-Over IP 483

1 Data Transmission Versus Conventional Telephony 483

2 Drawbacks and Challenges for Transmitting Voice on Data Packets 484

3 VoIP, Introductory Technical Description 485

4 Media Gateway Controller and its Protocols 492

Chapter 13 Local Area Networks 501

1 Definition and Applications 501

2 LAN Topologies 502

3 The Two Broad Categories of LAN Transmission Techniques 505

4 Overview of IEEE/ANSI LAN Protocols 509

5 LAN Access Protocols 517

6 Wireless LANs (WLANs) 555

Chapter 14 Integrated Services Digital Networks 565

1 Background and Goals of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 565

2 ISDN Structures 567

3 User Access and Interface 569

4 ISDN Protocols and Protocol Issues 571

5 ISDN Networks 573

6 ISDN Protocol Structures 575

7 Layer 2 Interface: Link Access Procedure for the D-Channel 585

8 Overview of Layer 3 593

Chapter 15 Speeding Things Up with Frame Relay 603

1 Introduction 603

2 How Can the Network Be Speeded Up? 603

3 Frame Relay Standards 621

Chapter 16 The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Broadband ISDN 631

1 Where are We Going? 631

2 Introduction to ATM 631

3 User–Network Interface (UNI) Configuration and Architecture 634

4 The ATM Cell—Key to Operation 636

5 Cell Delineation and Scrambling 642

6 ATM Layering and B-ISDN 645

7 Services: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless 654

8 Aspects of a B-ISDN/ATM Network 659

9 Signaling Requirements 661

10 Quality of Service (QoS) 663

11 Traffic Control and Congestion Control 666

12 Transporting ATM Cells 672

Chapter 17 CCITT Signaling System No. 7 681

1 Introduction 681

2 Overview of SS No. 7 Architecture 682

3 SS No. 7 Relationship to OSI 683

4 Signaling System Structure 685

5 The Signaling Data Link (Layer 1) 689

6 The Signaling Link (Level 2) 690

7 Signaling Network Functions and Messages (Layer 3) 695

8 Signaling Network Structure 699

9 Signaling Performance—Message Transfer Part 701

10 Numbering Plan for International Signaling Point Codes 703

11 Hypothetical Signaling Reference Connections 703

12 Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) 705

13 User Parts 710

14 SS7 Signaling Data Connectivity over the Internet 728

Chapter 18 Wireless and Cellular/Mobile Radio 737

1 Introduction 737

2 Basic Concepts of Cellular Radio 738

3 Personal Communication Systems 742

4 Radio Propagation in the Mobile/PCS Environment 744

5 Impairments—Fading in the Mobile Environment 756

6 The Cellular Radio Bandwidth Dilemma 763

7 Network Access Methods 766

8 Frequency Reuse 777

9 Paging Systems 779

10 Mobile Satellite Communications 782

11 1G, 2G, 2-1/2G, And 3G, That Is the Question 790

12 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (umts) 791

13 Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) 798

Chapter 19 Last-Mile Broadband Connectivity and Wireless Local Loop (WLL) 805

1 Background and Chapter Objective 805

2 Conventional Wire Pair in the Last Mile 806

3 Wire Pair Equipped with DSL Modems 806

4 Digital Loop Carrier (DLC) 811

5 Broadband Microwave/Millimeter Wave Last-Mile Transmission 812

6 CATV as a Basic Transport Medium for the Last Mile 829

Chapter 20 Optical Networking 835

1 Background and Chapter Objective 835

2 New Optical Technologies Required 837

3 Distributed Switching 837

4 Overlay Networks 839

5 Optical Switching 842

6 A Practical Optical Add–Drop Multiplexer 845

7 Improvements in the Management of the New Network Architecture 848

8 All-Optical Cross-Connects 849

9 Options for Optical Layer Signaling 850

10 Four Classes of Optical Networks 851

11 Optical Bidirectional Line-Switched Rings 854

12 Overview of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) 855

13 Standardization of Optical Control Plane Protocols 861

14 Summary 867

Chapter 21 Network Management 871

1 What is Network Management? 871

2 The Bigger Picture 871

3 Traditional Breakout by Tasks 872

4 Survivability—Where Network Management Really Pays 873

5 System Depth—a Network Management Problem 877

6 Network Management from a PSTN Perspective 881

7 Network Management Systems in Enterprise Networks 887

8 Telecommunication Management Network (TMN) 899

9 Network Management in ATM 904

Appendix 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations 911

Index 931