Sustainable Materials for Electrochemcial Capacitors

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in the multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has published about 190 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in the generation of value-added products such as nanomaterials. Sayed Mohammed Adnan, PhD, is a faculty member of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, India.

Preface xv

1 Sustainable Materials for Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Eco Materials 1
R. Kumar and R. Thangappan

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Eco-Carbon-Based Electrode Materials 3

1.3 Eco-Metal Oxide-Based Electrode Materials 8

1.4 Eco-Carbon-Based Material/Metal Oxide Composite Electrode Materials 11

1.5 Conclusion 13

2 Solid Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors 19
Shreeganesh Subraya Hegde and Badekai Ramachandra Bhat

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Solid Waste as a Source of CNS 20

2.3 Preparation and Activation Methods of Solid Waste-Derived CNS 23

2.4 Effect of Structural and Morphological Diversities on Electrochemical Performance 25

2.5 Environmental Trash-Derived CNS in Electrochemical Capacitors 26

2.6 Challenges and Future Prospects 27

2.7 Conclusions 27

3 Metal Hydroxides 33
Rida Fatima, Sania Naseer, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Muhammad Aamir and Javeed Akhtar

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Method to Fabricate Metal Hydroxide 34

3.3 Properties and Applications of MOHs 36

3.4 Examples of Metal Hydroxide 49

3.5 Conclusions 57

4 Porous Organic Polymers: Genres, Chemistry, Synthetic Strategies, and Diversified Applications 65
V. Renuga

4.1 Introduction 65

4.2 Family of Porous Organic Materials 70

4.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 112

5 Gel-Type Natural Polymers as Electroconductive Materials 133
Arshpreet Kaur, Madhvi and Dhiraj Sud

5.1 Introduction 133

5.2 Natural Polymers 134

5.3 Synthesis Methods for Fabrication of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels 144

5.4 Natural Polymer-Based Physically Cross-Linked Hydrogels 147

5.5 Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels 148

5.6 Stimuli Sensitivity of Hydrogels 150

5.7 Application of Hydrogels as Electrochemical Supercapacitors 150

5.8 Conducting Polymer Hydrogels as Electrode Materials 154

5.9 Conducting Polymer Hydrogels as Electrolyte Materials 156

5.10 Conclusion 159

6 Ionic Liquids for Supercapacitors 167
Guocai Tian

6.1 Introduction 167

6.2 Brief Introduction of Supercapacitor 169

6.3 Ionic Liquids and Its Unique Properties 174

6.4 Application of Ionic Liquids in Supercapacitors 181

6.5 Conclusion and Prospective 193

7 Functional Binders for Electrochemical Capacitors 205
Purnima Baruah and Debajyoti Mahanta

7.1 Introduction 205

7.2 Characteristics of Binder 206

7.3 Method of Fabricating Supercapacitor Electrode 207

7.4 Mechanism of Binding Process 207

7.5 Classification of Binders 208

7.6 Characterization Techniques 209

7.7 Conventional Binders and Related Issues 209

7.8 Sustainable Binders 210

7.9 Conclusion 216

8 Sustainable Substitutes for Fluorinated Electrolytes in Electrochemical Capacitors 221
Sina Yaghoubi, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Aziz Babapoor and Chin Wei Lai

8.1 Introduction 221

8.2 Fluorinated Electrolytes 224

8.3 Sustainable Substitutes for Fluorinated Electrolytes 227

8.4 Performance of Sustainable Electrolytes Compared to Fluorinated Electrolytes 234

8.5 Final Remarks 236

9 Aqueous Redox-Active Electrolytes 247
Ranganatha S.

9.1 Introduction 247

9.2 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance 248

9.3 Aqueous Electrolytes 250

9.4 Acidic Electrolytes 251

9.5 Alkaline Electrolytes 252

9.6 Neutral Electrolyte 254

9.7 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 257

10 Biodegradable Electrolytes 261
Tuba Saleem, Ijaz Rasul, Habibullah Nadeem, Sanora Sehar and Arfaa Sajid

10.1 Introduction 261

10.2 Classification of Biodegradable Electrolytes 263

10.3 Preparation of Biodegradable Electrolytes 268

10.4 Some Defined Ways to Increase the Ionic Conductivity 268

10.5 Factors Affecting Ion Conduction of Biodegradable Polymer Electrolytes 269

10.6 Properties of Ideal Biodegradable Electrolyte System 270

10.7 Applications of Biodegradable Electrolytes 270

10.8 Conclusion 273

11 Supercapattery: An Electrochemical Energy Storage Device 279
Fiona Joyline Mascarenhas, Shreeganesh Subraya Hegde and Badekai Ramachandra Bhat

11.1 Introduction 279

11.2 Batteries and Capacitors 280

11.3 Supercapattery Device and Electrode Materials 281

11.4 Advantages and Challenges of Supercapatteries 287

11.5 Conclusions 287

12 Ceramic Multilayers and Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors 291
Sonali Verma, Bhavya Padha and Sandeep Arya

12.1 Introduction 291

12.2 Different Types of Ceramic Materials 292

12.3 Multilayer Structure 293

12.4 Supercapacitors Based on Ceramic Materials 294

12.5 Challenges and Prospects 297

12.6 Conclusion 298

13 Potential Applications in Sustainable Supercapacitors 305
Pitchaimani Veerakumar

13.1 Introduction 306

13.2 Fundamentals and Components of SCs 307

13.3 Sustainable Nanomaterials in SCs 311

13.4 Sustainable Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage 315

13.5 Conclusions 325

14 Wearable Supercapacitors 339
Preety Ahuja, Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain, M. Ramanand Singh, Neelu Dheer and Rajni Kanojia

14.1 Introduction 339

14.2 Working Principle 340

14.3 Design of Electrode Materials 342

14.4 Wearable Supercapacitor 346

14.5 Integrated Application 350

14.6 Conclusion 354

15 Electrospun Materials 361
Hina Sahar, Sania Naseer, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Muhammad Aamir and Javeed Akhtar

15.1 Introduction 361

15.2 Electrospinning Process 362

15.3 Advantages of Electrospinning Technique 363

15.4 Working Parameters of Electrospinning Process 363

15.5 Electrospinning-Based Preparation Methods for Nanofibers 367

15.6 Formation of Pore in Electrospun Polymer Fibers 368

15.7 Modification of Electrospun Micro- and Nanofibers 371

15.8 Applications 375

15.9 Conclusion 382

16 Polysaccharide Biomaterials for Electrochemical Applications 391
Neelam Srivastava and Dipti Yadav

16.1 Introduction 391

16.2 Polysaccharides in Energy Devices 393

17 Polymer Inks for Printable Supercapacitors 415
Yurui Liu, Yijie Zhou and Yanfei Xu

17.1 Introduction 415

17.2 Screen Printing 419

17.3 Inkjet Printing 419

17.4 3D Printing 419

17.5 Conclusion and Outlook 422

18 Biomass-Derived Carbon for Supercapacitors 427
Priyadharshini M., Pazhanivel T. and Hariprasath K. R.

18.1 Introduction 428

18.2 Tuneable Physiochemical Properties 429

18.3 Synthesis Procedure 432

18.4 Main Categories of Biomass 432

18.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 436

References 437

Index 441