Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G Era

Hirley Alves is an Associate Professor, Head of the Machine-type Wireless Communications Group, and Coordinator of the 6G Flagship Strategic Research Area 1 – Massive Wireless Automation at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu. Konstantin Mikhaylov is an Assistant Professor in the field of Convergent IoT Communications for Vertical Systems at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu. Marko Höyhtyä is a Research Professor at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd and an Associate Professor at the Finnish National Defence University.

Contributors xix

Preface xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

Acronyms xxvii

About the Companion Website xxxvii

1 Introduction and Motivation 1
Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä

1.1 Motivation 1

1.2 Connectivity Solutions and Satellite Integration 4

1.3 Outlook 10

2 Machine-Type Communications, the Internet of Things, and Satellite Networks: Drivers, Use Cases, and Requirements 17
Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Drivers 18

2.3 Pertinent Use Cases for Satellite Internet of Things 20

2.4 Requirements and Key Value and Performance Indicators 24

2.5 Outlook 31

3 Non-terrestrial Network Support for Massive Machine-Type Communication: Architectural and Radio Channel Model Considerations 37
Carla Amatetti, Alessandro Guidotti, and Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli

3.1 Introduction 37

3.2 Internet of Things --Nonterrestrial Networks in the 3GPP Standard 39

3.3 Non-terrestrial Network System Architectures for 5G New Radio 40

3.4 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Characteristics 48

3.5 Link Budget Characterization 55

3.6 Outlook 63

4 Constellation Design for New Space Applications 67
Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo and Marko Höyhtyä

4.1 Satellite Orbital Formations 67

4.2 Characteristics of Constellations and Main Parameters 70

4.3 Constellation Design 76

4.4 Operation of Satellites in the Orbit 86

4.5 Outlook 87

5 Physical-Layer Aspects of Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Integration 91
Houcine Chougrani, Oltjon Kodheli, Wallace A. Martins, Haythem Chaker, and Symeon Chatzinotas

5.1 Introduction 91

5.2 Machine-Type Communication Technology Landscape 92

5.3 Satellite Challenges from a Physical-Layer Perspective 96

5.4 Techniques for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 108

5.5 Roadmap for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 113

5.6 Outlook 114

6 An Overview of Medium Access Control Protocols in Machine-Type Communication Satellite Internet-of-Things Networks 119
Muhammad Asad Ullah, Federico Clazzer, Andrea Munari, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Hirley Alves

6.1 Introduction 119

6.2 Satellite Internet of Things: An Overview 121

6.3 Performance Metrics for Medium Access Control 129

6.4 Medium Access Control Protocols Classification 131

6.5 Medium Access Control Protocols Overview 132

6.6 Open Challenges 139

6.7 Outlook 140

7 Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Connectivity: A Network Perspective 147
Luca Lodigiani and Mihály Varga

7.1 Introduction 147

7.2 Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks -- 3GPP Release 17 148

7.3 Network Characteristics and Challenges of the Nonterrestrial Massive Machine-Type Communication System 162

7.4 Internet-of-Things Nonterrestrial Network Evolution -- Releases 18, 19, and Beyond 176

7.5 Outlook: A Look Out Toward the 6G Massive Machine-Type Communication Network 184

8 6G Satellite Network Architecture with Onboard Computing Capabilities 193
Taeyeoun Kim, Jeongho Kwak, and Jihwan P. Choi

8.1 Introduction 193

8.2 6G Onboard Processing Satellites 194

8.3 6G Satellite Networks 202

8.4 Outlook 212

9 Role of Software-Defined Networking in Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Connectivity 215
Ahan Kak, Van-Quan Pham, Huu-Trung Thieu, and Nakjung Choi

9.1 Introduction 215

9.2 State of the Art 217

9.3 Key Enabling Technologies 219

9.4 Space Fabric Design and Description 225

9.5 Use Cases 235

9.6 Research Challenges 237

9.7 Outlook 239

10 Cybersecurity for Machines in Satellite–Terrestrial Networks 245
Jani Suomalainen and Ijaz Ahmad

10.1 Introduction 245

10.2 Security Challenges 246

10.3 Security Solutions 254

10.4 Future Research 260

10.5 Outlook 264

11 Dual-Function Strategies for Heterogeneous 6G Internet-of-Things Systems 273
Antti Anttonen

11.1 Introduction 273

11.2 Communication and Sensing 274

11.3 Communication and Power Transfer 279

11.4 Communication and Computing 285

11.5 Outlook 293

12 Simulators, Emulators, and Visualization Tools for Analysis of Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 301
Mikko Majanen, Sandrine Boumard, Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo, and Jani Puttonen

12.1 Introduction 301

12.2 State-of-the-Art Survey 304

12.3 Example Simulation Process with SCNE 317

12.4 Outlook and Future Work 323

13 Applications and Business Prospects of Integrated Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Networks 329
Marco Guadalupi, Ramon Ferrús, Josep Ferrer, Gianluca Redolfi, and Stephan Bernard

13.1 Introduction 329

13.2 Satellite Internet of Things/Machine-Type Communication Market and Business Prospects 331

13.3 3GPP Ecosystem and Business Models 345

13.4 Toward the Realization of Cost-Efficient Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication Systems 349

13.5 Illustrative Assessments 356

13.6 Outlook 364

14 Regulation and Spectrum Opportunities in Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 369
Sandrine Boumard, Miia Mustonen, and Marja Matinmikko-Blue

14.1 Regulations of Radio Frequencies and Satellites Orbits 369

14.2 Spectrum Management Techniques 375

14.3 Frequency Allocations for Machine-Type Communication 380

14.4 Challenges and Opportunities 384

14.5 Outlook 387

15 3GPP Standardization of Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks 393
Helka-Liina Määttänen, Gino Masini, Robert S. Karlsson, Emre A. Yavuz, and Talha Khan

15.1 Introduction 393

15.2 Scenarios 395

15.3 Architecture 396

15.4 Physical Layer 403

15.5 User Plane 406

15.6 System Information 408

15.7 Mobility 410

15.8 Outlook 414

Copyright Notice 414

Bibliography 415

Index 417