Threats to Springs in a Changing World

Matthew J. Currell, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia Brian G. Katz, Environmental Consultant, USA

List of Contributors vii

Preface xi

1 Protecting Springs in a Changing World Through Sound Science and Policy 1
Matthew J. Currell and Brian G. Katz

Part I Threats to Springs and Their Values

2 Assessing Pollution and Depletion of Large Artesian Springs in Florida’s Rapidly Developing Water-Rich Landscape 9
Robert L. Knight and Angeline Meeks

3 Regional Passive Saline Encroachment in Major Springs of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida (1991–2020) 19
Rick Copeland, Gary Maddox, and Andy Woeber

4 Karst Spring Processes and Storage Implications in High Elevation, Semiarid Southwestern United States 35
Keegan M. Donovan, Abraham E. Springer, Benjamin W. Tobin, and Roderic A. Parnell

5 Nitrogen Contamination and Acidification of Groundwater Due to Excessive Fertilizer Use for Tea Plantations 51
Hiroyuki Ii

6 Springs of the Southwestern Great Artesian Basin, Australia: Balancing Sustainable Use and Cultural and Environmental Values 69
Gavin M. Mudd and Matthew J. Currell

Part II Methods, Tools, and Techniques to Understand Spring Hydrogeology

7 Environmental Tracers to Study the Origin and Timescales of Spring Waters 87
Axel Suckow and Christoph Gerber

8 Assessment of Water Quality and Quantity of Springs at a Pilot-Scale: Applications in Semiarid Mediterranean Areas in Lebanon 111
Joanna Doummar, Marwan Fahs, Michel Aoun,Reda Elghawi, Jihad Othman, Mohamad Alali, and Assaad H. Kassem

9 Uncertainties in Understanding Groundwater Flow and Spring Functioning in Karst 131
Francesco Fiorillo, Mauro Pagnozzi, Rosangela Addesso, Simona Cafaro, Ilenia M. D’Angeli, Libera Esposito, Guido Leone, Isabella S. Liso, and Mario Parise

10 The Great Subterranean Spring of Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, and the Potential Impact of Subsurface Urban Heat Islands 145
Greg Brick

Part III Policy and Governance Approaches for the Protection of Springs

11 Community-Based Water Resource Management: Pathway to Rural Water Security in Timor-Leste? 157
Tanja Rosenqvist, George Goddard, Jack Nugent, Nick Brown, Eugenio Lemos, Elsa Ximenes, and Aleixo Santos

12 Setting Benthic Algal Abundance Targets to Protect Florida Spring Ecosystems 171
Robert A. Mattson

13 Protecting Springs in the Southwest Great Artesian Basin, Australia 181
Mark Keppel, Anne Jensen, Melissa Horgan, Aaron Smith, and Simone Stewart

14 Patterns in the Occurrence of Fecal Bacterial Indicators at Public Mineral Springs of Central Victoria, 1986–2013 199
Andrew Shugg

15 Towards a Collective Effort to Preserve and Protect Springs 209
Brian G. Katz and Matthew J. Currell

Index 213