Cyber and Electromagnetic Threats in Modern Relay Protection

Vladimir I. Gurevich holds an MS in electrical engineering from Kharkov Technical University and a Ph.D from Kharkov National Polytechnic University, both of Ukraine. He is currently a senior specialist and head of section for the Central Electric Laboratory at the Israel Electric Corporation, Haifa. Previously, he was a teacher, assistant professor, associate professor, and honorable professor at Kharkov Technical University, and the chief engineer and director of Inventor, Ltd. Dr. Gurevich is the author of more than 180 professional papers and 11 books, and holds nearly 120 patents in electrical engineering and power electronics.

Preface


Abstract


Author


Technological Advance in Relay Protection: Dangerous Tendencies


Issues of Philosophy in Relay Protection


Extrusion into the Historical Domain


About Technological Advance


Smart Grid: One More Dangerous Vector of the "Technological Advantages" in Power Industry


Smart Grid Russian Style


Smart Grid: Western Style


Dangerous Tendencies in the Development of the Relay Protection


What to Do?


References


Natural Electromagnetic Effects on Digital Protective Relays


Electromagnetic Vulnerability of DPR


Lightning Strikes


Switching Processes and Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Operating Equipment


Issues with Control Cable Shielding


Distortion of Signals in the Current Transformer Circuits


Harmonics Impact in the Measured Current and Voltage on DPR


Quality of Voltage in the Supply Mains


Blackout


Noise


Sag


Spike


Surge


References


Intentional Destructive Electromagnetic Impacts


Classification and Specification of Intentional Electromagnetic Destructive Impacts


IDEI’s Impact on Digital Protection Relays


Main Regulatory Documents in the Field of IDEI


References


Vulnerability of Modern Relay Protection to Cyber Attacks


Dangerous Tendencies


Cyber Security


Are Widely Known Measures of Information Security Enough to Ensure Reliable Operation of Digital Protective Relays?


References


Reducing the Vulnerability of Digital Protective Relays to Intentional Remote Destructive Impacts


Passive Methods for Protection against Intentional Destructive Electromagnetic Impacts


Improving Durability of DPR


Active Method for Combined Protection of DPR against Cyber and Electromagnetic Threats


Device for Active DPR Protection


General Recommendations for Selection of Hardware Components of Protection Device


Reed Switch Relays with Adjustable Actuation Threshold


Technical and Economic Aspects of Active Method DPR Protection


Power Transformer Protection


Increasing Security of Remote Control of Circuit Breakers from Intentional Destructive Impacts


References


Unification: An Important Way for Quick Restoration of Relay Protection after Intentional Destructive Impacts


Actual Situation and Problems in Unification of Construction of the Digital Protective Relays


Is There Any Way to Solve These Problems?


Realization of the Proposed Concept


What Are the Advantages of the Proposed DPR Development?


Unifications in the Technical Specifications


Unification in Evaluating Reliability of Digital Protective Relays


Problems with Using MTBF to Evaluate Reliability of DPR


New Criterion for DPR Reliability Evaluation


References


Epilogue


Index