Modeling and Analysis with Induction Generators

M. Godoy Simões holds a B.Sc, M.Sc, and D.Sc (Livre-Docência) from the University of São Paulo, Brazil, and a Ph.D from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA. An IEEE senior member, Dr. Simões currently works at the Colorado School of Mines, Golden, USA, and is director of the Center for Advanced Control of Energy and Power Systems. Widely published and highly decorated, he was recently awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to conduct research and educational activities at the University of Aalborg, Denmark. Previously, Dr. Simões was a faculty member at the University of São Paulo. Felix A. Farret received bachelor’s and master’s degrees in electrical engineering from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil. He specialized in electronic instrumentation at Osaka Prefectural Industrial Research Institute, Japan; earned an M.Sc from the University of Manchester, UK; received a Ph.D from the University of London, UK; and did a postdoctoral program at the Colorado School of Mines, Golden, USA. Widely published, he is currently a professor at UFSM. Previously, he worked as an engineer at the State Electric Power Company, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and was visiting professor at the Colorado School of Mines.

Foreword


Preface


Acknowledgments


Authors


Principles of Alternative Sources of Energy and Electric Generation


Scope of This Chapter


Legal Definitions


Principles of Electrical Conversion


Basic Definitions of Electrical Power


Characteristics of Primary Sources


Characteristics of Remote Industrial, Commercial, and Residential Sites and Rural Energy


Selection of the Electric Generator


Interfacing Primary Source, Generator, and Load


Example of a Simple Integrated Generating and Energy-Storing System


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Steady-State Model of Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Interconnection and Disconnection of the Electric Distribution Network


Robustness of Induction Generators


Classical Steady-State Representation of the Asynchronous Machine


Generated Power


Induced Torque


Representation of Induction Generator Losses


Measurement of Induction Generator Parameters


Blocked Rotor Test (s = 1)


No-Load Test (s = 0)


Features of Induction Machines Working as Generators Interconnected to the Distribution Network


High-Efficiency Induction Generator


Doubly Fed Induction Generator


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Transient Model of Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Induction Machine in Transient State


State Space-Based Induction Generator Modeling


No-Load Induction Generator


State Equations of SEIG with Resistive Load, R


State Equations of SEIG with RLC Load


Partition of SEIG State Matrix with RLC Load


Generalization of the Association of Self-Excited Generators


Relationship between Torque and Shaft Oscillation


Oscillation Equation


Transient Simulation of Induction Generators


Example of Transient Model of an Induction Generator


Effect of RLC Load Connection


Loss of Excitation


Parallel Connection of Induction Generators


Concepts Covered in This Chapter to Help Practical Design


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Self-Excited Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Performance of Self-Excited Induction Generators


Magnetizing Curves and Self-Excitation


Mathematical Description of the Self-Excitation Process


Series Capacitors and Composed Excitation of Induction Generators


Three-Phase Generators Operating in Single-Phase Mode


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


General Characteristics of Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Torque-Speed Characteristics of Induction Generators


Power versus Current Characteristics


Rotor Power Factor as a Function of Rotation


Nonlinear Relationship between Air-Gap Voltage Vg and Magnetizing Current Im


Minimization of Laboratory Tests


Example for Determining Magnetizing Curve and Magnetizing Reactance


Voltage Regulation


Characteristics of Rotation


Comparison of Induction Generators with Other Generators


Solved Problem


Suggested Problems


References


Construction Features of Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Electromechanical Considerations


Optimization of the Manufacturing Process


Types of Design


Sizing the Machine


Efficiency Issues


Comparison of Induction Generators, PM, and Ferrite Machines


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Bibliography


Power Electronics for Interfacing Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Power Semiconductor Devices


Power Electronics and Converter Circuits


Regulators


Inverters


Protection and Monitoring Units


DC to DC Conversion


AC to DC Conversion


Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers, Uncontrolled and Controlled Types


DC to AC Conversion


Single-Phase H-Bridge Inverter


Three-Phase Inverter


Multistep Inverter


Multilevel Inverter


Direct AC to AC Conversion


Diode-Bridge Arrangement


Common-Emitter Antiparallel IGBT Diode Pair


Common-Collector Antiparallel IGBT Diode Pair


Power Electronics to Reduce Self-Excitation Capacitance


SEIG-IMC Connection


Power Electronic Controls of the IMC


Stand-Alone Induction Generator Schemes


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Scalar Control for Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Scalar Control Background


Scalar Control Schemes


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Vector Control for Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Vector Control for Induction Generators


Axis Transformation


Space Vector Notation


Field-Oriented Control


Indirect Vector Control


Direct Vector Control


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Optimized Control for Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Why Optimize Induction Generator-Based Renewable Energy Systems?


Optimization Principles: Optimize Benefit or Minimize Effort


Application of HCC for Induction Generators


HCC-Based Maximum Power Search


Fixed Step


Divided Step


Adaptive Step


Exponential Step


Practical Implementation of Incremental Steps


FLC-Based Maximum Power Search


Fuzzy Control of Induction Generators


Description of Fuzzy Controllers


Experimental Evaluation of Fuzzy Optimization Control


Chapter Summary


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Doubly Fed Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Features of DFIG


Sub- and Supersynchronous Modes


Operation of DFIG


Interconnected and Stand-Alone Operations


Field-Oriented Control of DFIG


Rotor-End Converter Control


Harmonic Compensation


Stator Flux Orientation


Front-End Converter Control


Active-Reactive Power Control for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator


Stand-Alone Doubly Fed Induction Generator


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Simulation Tools for Induction Generators


Scope of This Chapter


Design Fundamentals of Small Power Plants


Simplified Design of Small Wind Power Plants


Simulation of Self-Excited Induction Generators in PSpice


Simulation of Self-Excited Induction Generators in Pascal


Simulation of Steady-State Operation of an Induction Generator Using Microsoft Excel


Simulation of Vector-Controlled Schemes Using MATLAB (R)/Simulink (R)


Inputs


Outputs


Indirect Vector Control


Direct Vector Control with Rotor Flux


Direct Vector Control with Stator Flux


Evaluation of the MATLAB/Simulink Program


Simulation of a Self-Excited Induction Generator in PSIM


Simulation of A Self-Excited Induction Generator in MATLAB


Simulation of a Self-Excited Induction Generator in C


Solved Problem


Suggested Problems


References


Applications of Induction Generators in Alternative Sources of Energy


Scope of This Chapter


Voltage and Frequency Control of Induction Generators


Application of Electronic Load Controllers


Wind Power with Variable Speed


Run-of-River Hydro Generation


Wave and Tidal Powers


Stirling Engine Power and Cogeneration


Danish Concept


Doubly Fed Induction Generator


Pump-as-Turbine


Pumped-Storage Plants or Back-Pumping


Constant Frequency, Constant Speed, and Constant Power


Linear Induction Generator


Stand-Alone Operation


IG for Wind Turbine Magnus


Mathematical Model of Turbine Magnus


Distributed Generation


Suggested Problems


References


Economics of Induction Generator-Based Renewable Systems


Scope of This Chapter


Optimal and Market Price of Energy in a Regulatory Environment


World Climate Change Related to Power Generation


Economy of Renewable Sources and Hydrogen


Energy versus Environment Economy


Appraisal of Investment


Benefit-Cost Ratio


Net Present Value (or Discounted Cash Flow)


Internal Rate of Return


Payback Period


Least-Cost Analysis


Sensitivity Analysis


Concept Selection and Optimization of Investment


Future Directions


Solved Problems


Suggested Problems


References


Appendix A: Introduction to Fuzzy Logic


Appendix B: C Statements for the Simulation of a Self-Excited Induction Generator


Appendix C: Pascal Statements for the Simulation of a Self-Excited Induction Generator


Appendix D: Power Tracking Curve-Based Algorithm for Wind Energy Systems


Index