Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes

Abraham Jiji is currently pursuing a Ph.D at International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India Sabu Thomas is a Full Professor of Polymer Science & Engineering at the School of Chemical Sciences and Director of the International and Inter UniversityCentre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India. He was among the top 5 most Productive Researchers in India in 2008 and listed in the Most Cited Researchers in Materials Science and Engineering by Elsevier Scopus Data in 2016. A complete list of his research interests and publications can be found online at http://www.sabuthomas.com/about/ Nandakumar Kalarikkal is Associate Professor & Head of the Advanced Materials Laboratory, School of Pure and Applied Physics & International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, India. His research areas include the synthesis, characterization and applications of various nanomaterials, Laser Plasma, ion irradiation effects on various novel materials and phase transitions.

Part 1:


Carbon nanotube- Fundamentals and fascinating attributes


1 History and Development of Carbon Nanotubes

2 Synthesis methods for Carbon nanotubes


1. Introduction


2. Arc Discharge Method


3. Laser Ablation Method


4. Chemical Vapour Deposition Method


5. Hydrothermal Synthesis


6. Electrolysis


7. Solar Technique


8. Conclusions


9. References





3 Carbon nanotube Growth mechanisms





1. Vapour phase growth


2. Liquid phase growth.


3. Solid phase growth


4. The crystallization model


5. Catalytically assisted growth mechanism


6. Existing challenges and future directions







4 Chemistry of Carbon nanotube structures





1. Introduction


2. Structure


3. Chemical bonding


4. Bonding models


5. Chemical Reactivity


6. Functionalization Chemistry


7. Doping Chemistry


8. Supramolecular chemistry


9. Catalytic chemistry


10. Photochemistry


11. Purification of cnt


12. Conclusions


13. References







5 Physics of Carbon nanotubes structures





1. Introduction


2. Electronic States


3. Fundamental parameters and relations for carbon nanotubes


4. Symmetry of carbon nanotubes


5. Elastic Continuum Models of Phonons in Carbon Nanotubes




6 Innovative approaches in Characterization of Carbon nanotube


1. Infrared spectroscopy


2. UV-visible spectroscopy


3. Photoluminescence spectroscopy


4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)<

5. X-ray diffraction


6. Raman spectroscopy


7. Neutron diffraction


8. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)


9. Transmission electron microscopy


10. Atomic force microscopy










7 Mechanics of Carbon nanotube





1. Basic mechanical properties: stiffness, strength, toughness


2. Elastic properties of CNT


3. Theoretical results on elastic constants of nanotubes


4. Nonlinear elastic behaviour


5. Strength and fracture






8 Optical properties of Carbon nanotube





1.

2. Electronic structure of carbon nanotube


3. Optical absorption


4. Luminescence


5. fluorescence


6. Raman scattering


7. Rayleigh scattering.





9 Thermal properties of Carbon nanotube







1. Introduction


2. Specific Heat


3. Specific Heat of Nanotubes


4. Thermal Stability of Nanotubes


5. Thermal conductivity


6. Thermal Conductivity: Theory


7. Ballistic Conduction







10 Electronic and electronic transport properties of Carbon nanotube





1. Energy dispersion relations


2. Density of states


3. Electronic transport


4. Field emission and total energy distribution


5. Band structures in a magnetic field


6. Curvature effects: Beyond the zone-folding model


7. Nanotube bundle and multiwall system


8. Structural defects in carbon nanotubes


9. Conductance Quantization in One Dimension


10. Metallic Single-Walled Nanotubes

11. Semiconducting Single-Walled Nanotubes

12. Summary of Electronic Transport Properties






11 Electrical properties of Carbon nanotube





1. Conductance of Carbon Nanotube Systems


2. Dynamic Conductance of Carbon Nanotubes


3. Semiconducting CNTs


4. Superconductivity


5. Thermoelectric Properties


6. Photoconductivity and Luminescence





12 Field emission from Carbon nanotube





1. Field Emission Basics


2. Emitter Characteristics


3. Field Emission Mechanism


4. Single nanotube field emitter


5. Nanotube film field emitter


6. Macroscopic CNT structures


7. Field emission induced luminescence





13 Physical Properties of Carbon nanotubes




1. Ability to be manipulated


2. Electronic structure


3. Hardness


4. Impervious to Environmental Factors


5. One Dimensional Transport


6. Strength


7. Toxicity






14 Why functionalization of Carbon nanotube




1. Aggregation and poor solubility of carbon nanotubes


2. To resolve dispersion problems


30










15 Dispersion of Carbon nanotube


1. Current approaches for dispersing carbon nanotubes


2. Characterization of CNT dispersion


3. Water-soluble dispersions of carbon nanotubes


4. Dispersions of carbon nanotubes in organic solvents


5. Stabilization of carbon nanotube dispersions by polymers


6. Carbon Nanotube Dispersion - High Viscosity Material


7. Carbon Nanotube Dispersion - Medium Viscosity Material


8. Carbon Nanotube Dispersion - Low Viscosity Material










16 Covalent functionalization of Carbon nanotube





1. Oxidation


2. Esterification/Amidation


3. Halogenation reactions


4. Cycloaddition


5. Radical addition


6. Nucleophilic addition


7. Electrophilic addition<







17 Non covalent functionalization of Carbon nanotube





1. Polynuclear aromatic compounds


2. Biomolecules

3. - stacking and electrostatic interactions


4. Non covalent endohedral functionalization







18 Other functionalization methods


1. Functionalization with Nanoparticles


2. Substitutional Doping




19 Hetro atom Doped CNT and their properties





1. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes


2. Carbon nanotubes doped with heteroatoms other than nitrogen






20 CNT based hybrid materials







1. Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and metal oxides


2. Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and metals


3. Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and other inorganic carbonaceous materials


4. Hybrid materials based on carbon nanotubes and other organic materials





21 Theory, calculations, modelling and simulation for Carbon nanotube





1. Introduction


2. models of CNT growth


3. Electronic structure calculations


4. Mechanical models


5. Molecular dynamics simulation




22 The main challenges of Carbon nanotube





1. lack of a detailed understanding of the nanotube growth mechanism


2. lack of control of the synthesis process to produce nanotubes with a desired diameter and chirality.


3. Proper dispersion


4. Release characteristics of selected carbon nanotube polymer composites




23 Life cycle analysis of Carbon nanotube



1. Environmental effects of Carbon nanotube


2. Health impacts Carbon nanotube


3. Life Cycle Assessment


4. Inventory Analysis


5. Emerging technologies in life cycle impacts


6. Life cycle modelling


7. LCA and its social imapacts


8. Strategy to Overcome Existing Gaps






24 The current market for CNT materials and products







1. Carbon nanotubes manufacturers

2. Raw Material suppliers


3. Traders, distributors, and suppliers of carbon nanotubes


4. Regional manufacturers' associations and general carbon nanotubes associations


5. Government and regional agencies and research organizations


6. Investment research firms


7. Market Outlook


8. Global demand for carbon nanotubes


9. Regulations and standards


10. Competition from other materials





25 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes with other carbon allotropes 1. Comparative properties


2. Cost and production


3. Carbon nanotube hybrids


4. Competitive market analysis of carbon nanotubes and other carbon allotropes





Part 2



CNT based Polymer composites- Fabrication and Characterization







1 Structure-property relationships in polymer nanocomposites







1. Introduction



2. structure-property relationships in CNT-polymer nanocomposites



3. structure-property relationships in POSS-polymer nanocomposites



4. structure-property relationships in Clay/graphene/LDH-polymer nanocomposites



5. Effects of nanoparticles on the glass-formation in polymer nanocomposites



6. Effects of nanoparticles on the percolation threshold in polymer nanocomposites



7. Mechanisms for nanoparticle clustering and effects on material properties



8. Nanoparticle self-assembly







2 Manufacturing Techniques for CNT-Polymer composites



1. Solution based



2. In-situ polymerisation



3. Melt mixing



4. Latex stage mixing



5. Interface modification



6. Use of a third component



7. Other methods







3 Carbon Nanotube Composites: Critical Issues

1. Carbon Nanotubes



2. Structure control of CNTs



3. The problem of CNT Bundles



4. Dispersion of CNTs within polymer matrix



5. Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Interfaces



6. Nanocomposite Morphology



7. Contacts between individual CNTs



8. Other problems







4 Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix



1. the principles and techniques for CNT dispersion



2. The effects of CNT dispersion on the properties of CNT/polymer nanocomposites







5 Amorphous thermoplastic/CNT based composites



1. Polyamideimide



2. Polyethersulphone



3. Polyetherimide



4. Polyarylate



5. Polysulphone



6. Polyamide (amorphous)



7. Polymethylmethacrylate



8. Polyvinylchloride



9. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene



10. Polystyrene







6 Semi-crystalline thermoplastic/CNT based composites <



1. Polyetheretherketone



2. Polytetrafluoroethylene



3. Polyamide 6,6



4. Polyamide 11



5. Polyphenylene sulphide



6. Polyethylene terephthalate



7. Polypropylene



8. High Density Polyethylene



9. Low Density Polyethylene







7 Thermoset/CNT based composites



1. Polyester



2. Epoxy resin



3. Polyimides







8 CNT-filled Elastomer composites



1. Natural rubber



2. Acrylic Rubber (ACM)



3. Butadiene Rubber (BR)



4. Butyl Rubber (IIR)



<5. Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene (CSM)/ Hypalon



6. Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM)



7. Fluoroelastomers (FKM)/ Viton



8. Isoprene Rubber (IR)



9. Nitrile Rubber (NBR)



10. Perfluoroelastomer (FFKM)



11. Polychloroprene (CR)/ Neoprene



12. Polysulfide Rubber (PSR)



13. Silicone Rubber (SiR)



14. Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)







9 Latex based/CNT composites



1. NR Latex/CNT



2. Synthetic rubber latex/CNT







10 nanocomposites based on polymer blends and CNT



1. miscible polymer blend



2. Immiscible polymer blend



3. Interpenetrating polymer network



4. Compatible polymer blend







11 Fibers/CNT



1. Introduction



2. Micro-Structural Development in Polymer/CNT Fibers



3. CNT Structure and Dispersion



4. Orientation and Alignment Effects



5. Prospects and Challenges for Processing Polymer/CNT Composites with Controlled Structural Development







12 Carbon nanotubes embedded in polymer nanofibers by electrospinning



1. Electro spinning of multi walled carbon nanotubes- polymer composites







13 X-ray scattering investigation of CNT-polymer composites



1. Basic principles



2. X-ray scattering methods



3. Wide angle X-ray diffraction



4. Small angle X-ray scattering



5. X-ray scattering methods



6. Morphology of carbon nanotubes



7. Morphology of polymer-CNT nanocomposites



8. crystalline disorder



9. orientation analysis;



10. phase analysis







14 Neutron scattering investigation of CNT-polymer composites



1. Basic principles



2. SANS methods and instrumentation



3. elucidating structural information



4. morphology



5. phase transition



6. Inhomogeneities and deformation mechanisms







15 Structural investigation of CNT-polymer composites by FTIR, UV, NMR and Raman spectroscopy



1. FTIR



2. UV-Visible spectroscopy



3. NMR



4. Raman Spectroscopy







16 Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-polymer composites



1. Tensile strength



2. Abrasion resistance



3. Hardness



4. Compression strength



5. specific strength



6. toughness



7. Resilence



8. Impact properties



9. Flexural properties



10. Friction and wear properties



11. Thermomechanical analysis



12. Dynamic mechanical analysis



13. Creep, stress relaxation, hysteresis



14. Anisotropic mechanical behaviour



15. Modelling and Simulation<







17 Crystallization behavior of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites



1. Measurements of radial growth rates of spherulites



2. Measurements of isothermal crystallization kinetics of iPP/CNTs by using DSC



3. Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics







18 Self-healing and shape memory effects of CNT based polymer composites



1. Self-healing: concept and materials



2. Self-healing of CNT based polymer nanocomposites: chemistry and applications



3. Theoretical study of self-healing polymer nanocomposites



4. Shape memory effect: definitions and characterization



5. Reinforcement of shape memory polymers



6. Reinforcement of shape memory polymers with CNT



7. Challenges



8. Future outlook







19 Thermal characterizations CNT-Polymer composites



1. Thermal stability



2. Thermal conductivity: definition, mechanisms and parameters



3. Modeling of thermal conductivity in composites



4. Thermal glass transition



5. Flame retardancy



6. Synergism between nanocomposites and flame retardants



7. Heat distortion temperature







20 Morphological characterizations CNT-Polymer composites



1. TEM



2. SEM



3. Scanning probe microscopy



4. AFM



5. Optical microscopy







21 Rheological studies of CNT-Polymer composites



1. theory practice and the new challenges in rheology of polymer nanocomposite



2. Rheological properties of polymer/carbon nanotube composites



3. Off-line" rheometry



4. "In-line" rheometry



5. Dilute regime: below the percolation threshold



6. Semi-dilute regime: dispersion and percolation



7. linear viscoelasticity



8. non- linear viscoelasticity



9. Steady shear viscosity



10. Dynamic shear rheology







22 Dielectric and Electrical conductivity studies of CNT-Polymer composites



1. Electrical percolation



2. Effects of filler attributes



3. Effects of nanocomposite microstructure



4. Effects of polymer matrix properties



5. Dielectric measurements







23 EMI shielding studies of CNT-Polymer composites



1. electromagnetic theory



2. foundations of the strategies to be employed to design efficient EMI shielding materials



3. carbon nanotubes based polymer composites for EMI shielding



4. The importance of the dispersion method into the polymer matrix



5. The combination of CNT with other constituents such as metallic nanoparticles or conductive polymers



6. complex architectures that are currently studied to improve the performances of EMI materials







24 Simulation and Multiscale modeling of polymer nanocomposites



1. Modeling and simulation techniques



2. Molecular scale methods



3. Microscale methods.



4. Mesoscale and macroscale methods



5. Modeling and simulation of CNT-polymer nanocomposites



6. Nanocomposite thermodynamics



7. Nanocomposite kinetics



8. Nanocomposite molecular structure and dynamic properties



9. Nanocomposite morphology



10. Nanocomposite rheological and processing behaviors



11. anocomposite mechanical properties







25 Life cycle analysis of CNT based polymer composites



1. Introduction to life cycle engineering



2. The life cycle of polymer composites



3. Life cycle engineering in product development



4. Recycling and recovery of polymer composites



5. What is Life Cycle Assessment?



6. Goal definition, scope, and functional unit



7. Inventory analysis



8. Impact assessment



9. Improvement analysis



10. Key issues in life cycle as sessment



11. Active and passive applications



12. Life Cycle Assessment of Recycling




Part 3:

Recent advances in Carbon nanotube structures for potential applications



1 General Introduction



2 Carbon Nanotubes for mechanical applications

1. CNT nano mechanics

2. Electromechanical Probes

3. in MEMS Technologies

4. CNT resonators as mass or force sensors

5. Advanced Composites (fillers)

6. The Space Elevator

7. super-strong fabrics

8. Mechanical Stabilizers (additives)

9. Miscellaneous Applications

10. Challenges and future prospects



3 Carbon Nanotubes for energy conversion and storage

1. The energy problem

2. How and why carbon nanotubes can address the issues of energy storage and conversion

3. Super capacitors

4. Li ion batteries

5. Conclusions and future developments



4 Carbon Nanotubes for Fuel Cells and water splitting

1. Carbon as a structural component in fuel cells

2. Carbon as a catalyst support

3. Carbon as a fuel

4. Various Carbon Nanotubes in Portable Fuel Cells

5. Doped Carbon Nanotube as electrodes

6. Metal supported CNT as electrodes

7. Functionalized carbon nanotubes fuel cells electrode



5 Carbon Nanotubes for solar cells and Photovoltaics

1. Photovoltaic properties of CNT.

2. Silicon-based solar cells.

3. Organic solar cells

4. Dye-sensitized solar cells

5. Polymer solar cells with CNT

6. CNT as additives

7. CNT as electrode

8. CNT as Separate layer



6 Carbon Nanotubes for sensing applications

1. Electrochemical sensors

2. Chemical sensors

3. Organic Vapor

4. Optical sensors

5. Gas sensors

6. Biosensors

7. Strain sensing

8. Pressure sensors

9. Temperature sensors



7 Nanofluidics in Carbon Nanotube

1. Nanofluidics

2. Nanofluidic Transport through Isolated Carbon Nanotube Channels: Advances, Controversies, and Challenges.

3. Water transport inside carbon nanotubes

4. Gas transport inside carbon nanotubes

5. Carbon Nanotube Nanofluidics for Energy Technology and Sustainability



8 Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronics and microelectronic Devices

1. Field Effect Transistors

2. Single-Electron Transistors

3. Nanotube Heterojunction Devices

4. Mechanical Devices

5. Nanotube Interconnects

6. Modelling and simulation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for nanoelectronics device applications

9 Carbon Nanotubes for Nano-optics, nanophotonics and nano-optoelectronics, non -liner ptical applicationss

1. Optical gain and lasing in carbon nanotubes

2. Carbon nanotubes for optical limiting

3. Carbon nanotube based fiber lasers

4. Carbon-nanotube-based bulk solid-state lasers

5. Carbon nanotube-based nonlinear photonic devices,

6. Carbon nanotube-based optical platforms for biomolecular detection,

7. Single carbon nanotube transistors for digital electronics

8. Carbon nanotube thin-film transistors for digital electronics

9. Carbon nanotubes for radio frequency analog circuits



10 Carbon nanotubes applications in agriculture

1. Interfacing carbon nanotubes (CNT) with plants

2. Carbon Nanotubes Are Super Fertilizer

3. Carbon Nanotubes as Plant Growth Regulators

4. A general reduction of applied agrochemicals using nano encapsulated plant protection products and slow-release fertilizers

5. Nanotechnologies for optimization of agricultural practices by introducing precision farming

6. Negative Effects of CNT

7. CNT as contaminant carriers and be transported to the edible parts of crops



11 Carbon Nanotubes for piezo electric applications

1. Effective Properties of Carbon Nanotube and Piezoelectric Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Smart Composites

2. Flexible Piezoelectric Generators using CNT

3. Reinforcement of Piezoelectric Polymers with Carbon Nanotubes



12 Carbon Nanotubes for thermal Materials 1. Spacecraft

2. Heat dissipation in integrated circuits (IC) chips

3. Carbon nanotubes for thermal interface materials in microelectronic packaging

4. Carbon Nanotubes Thermal Radiation Coating Dispersion



13 Carbon Nanotubes for tissue engineering scaffold applications

1. Cell tracking and labeling.

2. Sensi ugmenting cellular behavior .

3. Augmenting cellular behaviour

4. Matrix enhancement

5. Cytotoxicity



14 Carbon Nanotubes for Drug delivery applications

1. Therapeutic-CNT interaction

2. Drug delivery with carbon nanotubes

3. In vivo studies on drug delivery

4. Drug delivery targeted to tumor

5. Drug delivery targeted to central nervous system

6. The biosafety of SWCNT used as drug carriers

7. The future of CNTs used as drug carriers for cancer treatments



15 Carbon Nanotubes for Bio-imaging applications

1. SWNT bioconjugates

2. NIR Photoluminescence imaging with SWNTs

3. Raman imaging

4. Photoacoustic imaging

5. Imaging with radio labelled CNTs

6. Magnetic resonance imaging with CNTs

7. Nuclear imaging

8. Prospects and challenges



16 Carbon Nanotubes in Regenerative Medicine

1. Applications of /CNTs in bone regeneration

2. Possible mechanisms of increased biocompatibility of CNTs-based scaffolds: the role of adhesive protein adsorption

3. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for neural tissue regeneration

4. Carbon Nanotubes Directions and Perspectives in Oral Regenerative Medicine

5. Regeneration of Other Tissues

6. Carbon Nanotube Artificial Muscles



17 Carbon Nanotubes in Cancer therapy

1. Carbon nanotubes and their importance in anticancer drug delivery

2. Advantages of carbon nanotubes over conventional cancer therapy

3. Methods for opening, filling and capping carbon nanotubes



18 Carbon Nanotube as a multifunctional coating material

1. Multifunctional Coatings with Carbon Nanotubes for Electrostatic Charge Mitigation

2. Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Coatings Used as Strain Sensors

3. Carbon coatings for membrane application and catalysis

4. anticorrosion coatings for metals



19 Carbon Nanotube based hydrogel and aerogels

1. Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid Hydrogels in Drug Delivery

2. For environmental remediation

3. CNTs nanocomposite hydrogels preparation

4. CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Actuators and Sensors

5. CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Effluents Treatment

6. CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Biofuel and Solar Cells

7. CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Biomedicine

8. Conducting CNTs Nanocomposite Based Hydrogels

9. aerogels for electronic applications

10. MWCNT Aerogels for Sensing

11. Composites, catalysis, supercapacitors, substrate for biomaterial growth (bones), filtration, membranes, decontamination,



20 Carbon Nanotubes for Environmental remediation applications

1. Nanosensors for environmental monitoring

2. Nanosorbents

3. Photocatalysis

4. Carbon Nanotubes in Biotechnology

5. Carbon Nanotubes Used for Renewable Energy Applications



21 Anti-microbial and antibacterial properties and other miscellaneous applications of CNT

1. Anti-microbial applications of CNT

2. Antibacterial applications of CNT

3. Solid-phase extraction

4. Chromatographic applications



22 Multifunctional applications of CNT based polymer composites

1. Development of multifunctional composites for aerospace application

2. Lightweight structural composites with electromagnetic applications

3. Transparent wear-resistant multifunctional polymeric nanocoatings

4. Multifunctional polymer composites for intelligent structures

5. Self-sensing carbon nanotube composites

6. Recent advances in shape memory epoxy resins and composites

7. The application of carbon nanotube-polymer composite as gas sensing materials

8. EMI shielding composites, coatings for enclosures, ESD composites, antistatic materials, conductive coatings, electromagnetic absorption materials for low-observable applications, electrode materials for supercapacitor and fuel cell, etc

9. Thermal management materials, such as TIMs, temperature sensors, resistance heating and flame-retardance materials, etc.

10. CNT/polymer composites in nanoelectronic and biomedical devices and sensoring, etc.

23 Carbon nanotube research developments: published papers and patents, synthesis and production

1. Publication progress of CNT research

2. Carbon Nanotube Fabrication: Patent Analysis

3. Carbon Nanotubes in Energy Storage

4. Carbon nanotube fiber-reinforced composite structures for EM and lightning strike protection

5. The carbon nanotube patent landscape in nanomedicine:

6. Carbon nanotube structures in sensor apparatuses



24 Assessment of the risks associated with carbon nanotubes

1. Toxicity of carbon nanotubes

2. Factors found to affect CNT toxicity

3. Toxicity of CNTs on the lungs

4. In Vitro Toxicological Studies of Carbon Nanotubes

5. In Vivo Toxicological Studies of Carbon Nanotubes



6. Cytotoxity of functionalized CNTs