Young, Munson and Okiishi's A Brief Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, International Adaptation

1 Introduction 

Learning Objectives 

1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids 

1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units 

1.2.1 Systems of Units 

1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior 

1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight 

1.4.1 Density 

1.4.2 Specific Weight 

1.4.3 Specific Gravity 

1.5 Ideal Gas Law 

1.6 Viscosity 

1.7 Compressibility of Fluids 

1.7.1 Bulk Modulus 

1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases 

1.7.3 Speed of Sound 

1.8 Vapor Pressure 

1.9 Surface Tension 

1.10 A Brief Look Back in History 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

2 Fluid Statics 

Learning Objectives 

2.1 Pressure at a Point 

2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field 

2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest 

2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid 

2.3.2 Compressible Fluid 

2.4 Standard Atmosphere 

2.5 Measurement of Pressure 

2.6 Manometry 

2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 

2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer 

2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer 

2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure-Measuring Devices 

2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface and Pressure Diagram 

2.8.1 Hydrostatic Force 

2.8.2 Pressure Diagram 

2.9 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface 

2.10 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability 

2.10.1 Archimedes’ Principle 

2.10.2 The Stability of Bodies in Fluids 

2.11 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion 

2.12 Equilibrium of Moving Fluids 

(Special Case of Fluid Statics) 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

3 Fluid Kinematics 

Learning Objectives 

3.1 The Velocity Field 

3.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions 

3.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three- Dimensional Flows 

3.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows 

3.1.4 F low Patterns: Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 

3.2 The Acceleration Field 

3.2.1 Acceleration and the Material Derivative 

3.2.2 Unsteady Effects 

3.2.3 Convective Effects 

3.2.4 Streamline Coordinates 

3.3 Control Volume and System Representations 

3.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 

3.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem 

3.4.2 Selection of a Control Volume 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

4 Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation 

Learning Objectives 

4.1 Newton’s Second Law 

4.2 F = ma along a Streamline 

4.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline 

4.4 Physical Interpretations and Alternate Forms of the Bernoulli Equation 

4.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure 

4.6 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 

4.6.1 Free Jets 

4.6.2 Confined Flows 

4.6.3 Flowrate Measurement 

4.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line 

4.8 Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

5 Finite Control Volume Analysis  

Learning Objectives 

5.1 Conservation of Mass—The Continuity Equation 

5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation 

5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 

5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume 

5.2 Newton’s Second Law—The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations 

5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation 

5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation 

5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 

5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation 

5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation 

5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation 

5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation 

5.3.3 The Mechanical Energy Equation and the Bernoulli Equation 

5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows 

5.3.5 Comparison of Various Forms of the Energy Equation 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

6 Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow  

Learning Objectives  

6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics 

6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Revisited 

6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation 

6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation 

6.2 Conservation of Mass 

6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation 

6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates 

6.2.3 The Stream Function 

6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation 

6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting Differential Element 

6.3.2 Equations of Motion 

6.4 Inviscid Flow 

6.4.1 Euler’s Equations of Motion 

6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation 

6.4.3 Irrotational Flow 

6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation Irrotational Flow 

6.4.5 The Velocity Potential 

6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows 

6.5.1 Uniform Flow 

6.5.2 Source and Sink 

6.5.3 Vortex 

6.5.4 Doublet 

6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane 

6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream—Half Body 

6.6.2 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder 

6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow 

6.8 Viscous Flow 

6.8.1 Stress–Deformation Relationships 

6.8.2 The Navier–Stokes Equations 

6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Laminar, Viscous, Incompressible Flows 

6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow Fixed Parallel Plates 

6.9.2 Couette Flow 

6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in 

6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

7 Dimensional Analysis, Similitude, and Modeling 

Learning Objectives 

7.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis 

7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem 

7.3 Determination of Pi Terms 

7.4 Some Directions about Dimensional 

7.4.1 Selection of Variables 

7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions 

7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms 

7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection 

7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 

7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data 

7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term 

7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms 

7.8 Modeling and Similitude 

7.8.1 Theory of Models 

7.8.2 Model Scales 

7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models 

7.9 Typical Model Studies 

7.9.1 Flow Through Closed Conduits 

7.9.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies 

7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

8 Viscous Flow in Pipes 

Learning Objectives 

8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow 

8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow 

8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow 

8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow 

8.2.1 From F = ma Applied Directly to a Fluid Element 

8.2.2 From the Navier–Stokes Equations 

8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow 

8.3.1 T ransition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 

8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 

8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile 

8.4 Pipe Flow Losses via Dimensional Analysis 

8.4.1 Major Losses 

8.4.2 Minor Losses 

8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits 

8.5 Pipe Flow Examples 

8.5.1 Single Pipes 

8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems 

8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

 

9 Flow over Immersed Bodies 

Learning Objectives 

9.1 General External Flow Characteristics 

9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts 

9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object  

9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics 

9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate 

9.2.2 Prandtl / Blasius Boundary Layer Solution 

9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate 

9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 

9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 

9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient 

9.3 Drag 

9.3.1 Friction Drag 

9.3.2 Pressure Drag 

9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples  

9.4 Lift 

9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution 

9.4.2 Circulation 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

10 Open-Channel Flow 

Learning Objectives 

10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow  

10.2 Surface Waves 

10.2.1 Wave Speed 

10.2.2 Froude Number Effects  

10.3 Energy Considerations 

10.3.1 Energy Balance 

10.3.2 Specific Energy 

10.4 Uniform Flow 

10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations 

10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations 

10.4.3 Uniform Flow Examples 

10.5 Most Efficient Channel Section 

10.5.1 Trapezoidal Channel Section 

10.5.2 Triangular Channel Section 

10.6 Gradually Varied Flow 

10.7 Rapidly Varied Flow 

10.7.1 The Hydraulic Jump 

10.7.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs 

10.7.3 Broad-Crested Weirs 

10.7.4 Underflow (Sluice) Gates 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

11 Turbomachines 

Learning Objectives 

11.1 Introduction 

11.2 Basic Energy Considerations 

11.3 Angular Momentum Considerations 

11.4 The Centrifugal Pump 

11.4.1 Theoretical Considerations 

11.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics 

11.4.3 System Characteristics, Pump-System Matching, and Pump Selection 

11.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws 

11.5.1 Specific Speed 

11.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps 

11.7 Turbines 

11.7.1 Impulse Turbines 

11.7.2 Reaction Turbines  

11.8 Fans 

11.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 

Chapter Summary 

Key Equations 

References 

Questions and Problems 

APPENDIX A Computational Fluid Dynamics 

APPENDIX B Physical Properties of Fluids 

APPENDIX C Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere 

APPENDIX D Comprehensive Table of Conversion Factors 

INDEX