Machine Learning and the City

Silvio Carta is an architect and Associate Professor at the University of Hertfordshire, UK. His research interests include digital architecture, data-driven approaches and computational design. Silvio is the author of Big Data, Code and the Discrete City. Shaping Public Realms (Routledge 2019).

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Introduction xvi

Section I Urban Complexity 1

1 Urban Complexity 3
Sean Hanna

2 Emergence and Universal Computation 15
Cassey Lee

3 Fractals and Geography 31
Pierre Frankhauser and Denise Pumain

Project 1 Emergence and Urban Analysis 57
Ljubomir Jankovic

Project 2 The Evolution and Complexity of Urban Street Networks 63
Nahid Mohajeri and Agust Gudmundsson

Section II Machines that Think 69

4 Artificial Intelligence, Logic, and Formalising Common Sense 71
John McCarthy

5 Defining Artificial Intelligence 91
David B. Fogel

6 AI: From Copy of Human Brain to Independent Learner 121
Shelly Fan

7 The History of Machine Learning and Its Convergent Trajectory Towards AI 129
Keith D. Foote

8 Machine Behaviour 143
Iyad Rahwan, Manuel Cebrian, Nick Obradovich, Josh Bongard, Jean-François Bonnefon, Cynthia Breazeal, Jacob W. Crandall, Nicholas A. Christakis, Iain D. Couzin, Matthew O. Jackson, Nicholas R. Jennings, Ece Kamar, Isabel M. Kloumann, Hugo Larochelle, David Lazer, Richard McElreath, Alan Mislove, David C. Parkes, Alex ‘Sandy’ Pentland, Margaret E. Roberts, Azim Shariff, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Michael Wellman

Project 3 Plan Generation from Program Graph 167
Ao Li, Runjia Tian, Xiaoshi Wang, and Yueheng Lu

Project 4 Self-organising Floor Plans in Care Homes 171
Silvio Carta, Stephanie St. Loe, Tommaso Turchi, and Joel Simon

Project 5 N2P2 – Neural Networks and Public Places 177
Roberto Bottazzi, Tasos Varoudis, Piyush Prajapati, and Xi Wang

Project 6 Urban Fictions 183
Matias del Campo, Sandra Manninger, and Alexandra Carlson

Project 7 Latent Typologies: Architecture in Latent Space 189
Stanislas Chaillou

Project 8 Enabling Alternative Architectures 193
Nate Peters

Project 9 Distant Readings of Architecture: A Machine View of the City 201
Andrew Witt

Section III How Machines Learn 207

9 What Is Machine Learning? 209
Jason Bell

10 Machine Learning: An Applied Mathematics Introduction 217
Paul Wilmott

11 Machine Learning for Urban Computing 249
Bilgeçağ Aydoğdu and Albert Ali Salah

12 Autonomous Artificial Intelligent Agents 263
Iaroslav Omelianenko

Project 10 Machine Learning for Spatial and Visual Connectivity 287
Sherif Tarabishy, Stamatios Psarras, Marcin Kosicki, and Martha Tsigkari

Project 11 Navigating Indoor Spaces Using Machine Learning: Train Stations in Paris 293
Zhoutong Wang, Qianhui Liang, Fabio Duarte, Fan Zhang, Louis Charron, Lenna Johnsen, Bill Cai, and Carlo Ratti

Project 12 Evolutionary Design Optimisation of Traffic Signals Applied to Quito City 297
Rolando Armas, Hernán Aguirre, Fabio Daolio, and Kiyoshi Tanaka

Project 13 Constructing Agency: Self-directed Robotic Environments 303
Patrik Schumacher

Section IV Application to the City 309

13 Code and the Transduction of Space 311
Martin Dodge and Rob Kitchin

14 Augmented Reality in Urban Places: Contested Content and the Duplicity of Code 341
Mark Graham, Matthew Zook, and Andrew Boulton

15 Spatial Data in Urban Informatics: Contentions of the Software-sorted City 367
Marcus Foth, Fahame Emamjome, Peta Mitchell, and Markus Rittenbruch

16 Urban Morphology Meets Deep Learning: Exploring Urban Forms in One Million Cities, Towns, and Villages Across the Planet 379
Vahid Moosavi

17 Computational Urban Design: Methods and Case Studies 393
Snoweria Zhang and Luc Wilson

18 Indexical Cities: Personal City Models with Data as Infrastructure 409
Diana Alvarez-Marin

19 Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Urban Assemblages 445
Serjoscha Düring, Reinhard Koenig, Nariddh Khean, Diellza Elshani, Theodoros Galanos, and Angelos Chronis

20 Making a Smart City Legible 453
Franziska Pilling, Haider Ali Akmal, Joseph Lindley, and Paul Coulton

Project 14 A Tale of Many Cities: Universal Patterns in Human Urban Mobility 467
Anastasios Noulas, Salvatore Scellato, Renaud Lambiotte, Massimiliano Pontil, and Cecilia Mascolo

Project 15 Using Cellular Automata for Parking Recommendations in Smart Environments 473
Gwo-Jiun Horng

Project 16 Gan Hadid 477
Sean Wallish

Project 17 Collective Design for Collective Living 483
Elizabeth Christoforetti and Romy El Sayah

Project 18 Architectural Machine Translation 489
Erik Swahn

Project 19 Large-scale Evaluation of the Urban Street View with Deep Learning Method 495
Hui Wang, Elisabete A. Silva, and Lun Liu

Project 20 Urban Portraits 501
Jose Luis García del Castillo y López

Project 21 ML-City 507
Benjamin Ennemoser

Project 22 Imaging Place Using Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN Loci) 513
Kyle Steinfeld

Project 23 Urban Forestry Science 517
Iacopo Testi

Section V Machine Learning and Humans 521

21 Ten Simple Rules for Responsible Big Data Research 523
Matthew Zook, Solon Barocas, Danah Boyd, Kate Crawford, Emily Keller, Seeta Peña Gangadharan, Alyssa Goodman, Rachelle Hollander, Barbara A. Koenig, Jacob Metcalf, Arvind Narayanan, Alondra Nelson, and Frank Pasquale

22 A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society 535
Luciano Floridi and Josh Cowls

23 The Big Data Divide and Its Consequences 547
Matthew T. McCarthy

24 Design Fiction: A Short Essay on Design, Science, Fact, and Fiction 561
Julian Bleecker

25 Superintelligence and Singularity 579
Ray Kurzweil

26 The Social Life of Robots: The Politics of Algorithms, Governance, and Sovereignty 603
Vincent J. Del Casino Jr, Lily House-Peters, Jeremy W. Crampton, and Hannes Gerhardt

Project 24 Experiments in Synthetic Data 615
Forensic Architecture

Project 25 Emotional AI in Cities: Cross-cultural Lessons from the UK and Japan on Designing for an Ethical Life 621
Vian Bakir, Nader Ghotbi, Tung Manh Ho, Alexander Laffer, Peter Mantello, Andrew McStay, Diana Miranda, Hiroshi Miyashita, Lena Podoletz, Hiromi Tanaka, and Lachlan Urquhart

Project 26 Decoding Urban Inequality: The Applications of Machine Learning for Mapping Inequality in Cities of the Global South 625
Kadeem Khan

Project 27 Amsterdam 2040 631
Maria Luce Lupetti

Project 28 Committee of Infrastructure 635
Jason Shun Wong

Index 639