Cotton Science and Processing Technology (eBook)

Foreword 6
Preface 8
Contents 12
1 Introduction 14
1.1 History of Cotton 14
1.2 The Cotton Would Retain Its Importance Even in the Future 16
1.3 Global Trade History of Cotton 17
1.4 International Trade Disputes over Cotton 19
1.4.1 Global Trade Disputes over Cotton Are Continuing 19
1.4.2 WTO Agricultural Negotiation for Development 19
1.4.3 Dispute Settlement Mechanism to Promote Fairness (Brazil vs. US Cotton Subsidy Case) 20
1.5 Financial Attributes of Cotton 21
1.6 Conclusion 23
References 23
2 Status and Recent Progress in Determining the Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Cotton Crops 27
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Origin and Distribution 29
2.3 Adaptations for Natural Habitat 30
2.4 Evolutionary History 30
2.5 Gossypium Diversity 32
2.5.1 Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants 32
2.5.2 Tools for Cotton Genetic Improvement 36
2.6 Markers and Methods 38
2.7 Taxonomic Assessment from Random Molecules to Appropriate Methods 39
2.8 Molecular Markers 39
2.8.1 DNA Markers Based on Restriction Enzyme 40
2.8.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Markers (Mostly SSRs) 40
2.8.3 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers 41
2.9 Mapping for Fiber-Related Traits in Cotton 42
2.10 Conclusions 45
References 45
3 Advancements in Cotton Cultivation 50
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Farming Technologies 52
3.3 Irrigation 55
3.3.1 Crop Water Management 56
3.3.2 Application of Herbicides, Nutrition, and Fertilizers with Irrigation Water 57
3.4 Land Preparation 57
3.5 Sowing Techniques of Cotton 57
3.6 Weeding 59
3.7 Pest and Disease Management 60
3.8 Testing of Cotton Fields 62
3.9 Consequences of Agricultural Parameters on Cotton 62
3.9.1 Cotton Plant Responses to Temperature 62
3.9.2 Cotton Plant Responses to Salinity 64
3.10 Cotton Harvesting 65
3.10.1 Manual Picking 65
3.10.2 Machine Picking 65
3.11 Conclusion 66
References 66
4 The Harvesting and Ginning of Cotton 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Graphical Cotton Elements Dictionary 72
4.3 Harvesting 72
4.4 Time for Harvesting 75
4.5 Harvesting Machines and Attachments 76
4.6 Fiber Quality 81
4.7 Harvesting Differences 83
4.8 The Moisture of Seed Cotton 84
4.9 Why Is Storage Essential? 85
4.10 Conclusion 85
References 86
5 Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton 89
5.1 Importance of Cotton Crop 90
5.2 World Cotton Production 90
5.3 Physical Structure of Cotton 91
5.3.1 Pima Cotton 92
5.3.2 Egyptian Cotton 92
5.3.3 Upland Cotton 92
5.3.4 Acala Cotton 92
5.4 Cotton Fiber Composition 93
5.5 Cotton Fiber Development 94
5.6 Cotton Quality Parameters 96
5.7 Best Management Practices for Cotton Crop 99
5.8 Environmental Effects on Fiber Quality 100
5.9 Better Cotton Initiative 102
5.10 Organic Cotton 102
5.11 Conclusion 103
References 103
6 Cotton Fiber Testing 108
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Fiber Length, Length Uniformity, and Short Fibers 111
6.2.1 Length Measurement Through HVI 111
6.2.2 Length Measurement Through AFIS 112
6.2.3 Length Uniformity 113
6.2.4 Short Fibers 113
6.3 Fiber Fineness and Maturity 115
6.4 Fiber Tenacity 117
6.5 Fiber Color and Trash 118
6.6 Fiber Neps 119
6.7 Effect of Fiber Parameters on the Quality of Yarn 120
6.7.1 Count Strength Product 120
6.7.2 Yarn Elongation and Yarn Tenacity 121
6.7.3 Fiber Maturity and Trash Content 121
6.7.4 Yarn Evenness 122
6.7.5 Yarn Hairiness 122
6.8 Conclusion 124
References 124
7 Cotton Contamination 129
7.1 Background 129
7.1.1 Introduction 129
7.1.2 What is Cotton Contamination? 130
7.2 Origin and Kinds of Cotton Contamination 133
7.2.1 Fibrous Contaminants 135
7.2.2 Non-fibrous Contaminants 136
7.3 Effect of Cotton Contamination on Cotton Processing 136
7.4 Detection and Controlling Systems of Cotton Contamination 137
7.4.1 Manual Vision Method 138
7.4.2 Gravimetric Method 139
7.4.3 Electro-optical Method 139
7.4.4 Acoustic Sensor Combined with an Optical Reflective Sensor 140
7.5 Cotton Contamination Measurement Systems 140
7.5.1 The Visible Light with UV, Polarized Light, and Multiple Detectors Method 140
7.5.2 Using Different Illumination Methods 141
7.5.3 Optical Reflective Techniques 142
7.5.4 Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Technique 142
7.5.5 Machine Vision Method 143
7.5.6 Cotton Contamination Measurement Systems in the Laboratory 145
7.6 Conclusion 147
References 148
8 Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning 150
8.1 Introduction 150
8.2 Blowroom 151
8.2.1 Difference Between Types of Plucking Roller of Automatic Bale Opener 152
8.2.2 Rieter Automatic Bale Opener 153
8.2.3 Trützschler Automatic Bale Opener (BLENDOMAT BO-A) 153
8.2.4 Marzoli Automatic Bale Opener (Super Blender) 153
8.2.5 Lakshmi Bale Plucking Machine 154
8.2.6 Compact Blowroom Line 154
8.2.7 Compact Blowroom Line of Trützschler 154
8.2.8 Mote Knife with Suction in Place of Grid bar 154
8.2.9 Mixing/Blending of Raw Material 155
8.2.10 Color and Other Impurities Removal 155
8.2.11 Barco Cotton Sorter for Detection and Removal of Contaminants in Raw Cotton 155
8.2.12 Rieter Vision Shield, Metal Shield, Fire Shield, and the Combo Shield 156
8.2.13 Loptex Optosonic Sorter 156
8.2.14 Online Parameter Settings 156
8.2.15 Trutzschler WASTECONTROL and CLEANCOMMANDER 156
8.3 Carding 157
8.3.1 Neps Removal Efficiency (%) and Neps % 158
8.3.2 Web-Cleaning Device 158
8.3.3 Nep Control Device 158
8.4 Drawframe 158
8.4.1 Auto Break Draft Setting 159
8.4.2 Clean Coil 160
8.4.3 Pneumatic Pressure Head 160
8.4.4 Tension Measuring System 160
8.4.5 Short Term Auto-Levelers 160
8.4.6 Use a Camera to Monitor the Sliver Quality 160
8.5 Simplex 161
8.5.1 Flyer Speed 161
8.5.2 Roving Bobbin Transport System 162
8.5.3 Roving Stop Motions 162
8.5.4 Electronic Driving System 162
8.5.5 Computer Monitoring Device 163
8.6 Ring-Spinning 163
8.6.1 Compact Spinning 164
8.6.2 Spinning Triangle 164
8.6.3 Principle of Superconducting Magnetic Bearing 164
8.7 Rotor Spinning 165
8.7.1 Reduction of Power Consumption 166
8.7.2 Rotor Speed and Diameter 167
8.7.3 Advancement in Rotor Bearings 167
8.7.4 Advancement in Suction System 167
8.7.5 Advancement in the Driving Rotor 167
8.7.6 Advancement in the Cooling System for Inverter 168
8.7.7 Advancement in Online Quality Monitoring 168
8.7.8 Advancement in Humidification 168
8.7.9 Automation and Digitization 168
8.7.10 Energy Saving 168
8.8 Conclusion 169
References 169
9 Recent Advancements in Cotton Spinning Machineries 172
9.1 Introduction 172
9.2 Recent Advancements in Blowroom Machines 173
9.2.1 Reciprocating Bale Plucker 173
9.2.2 Heavy Particle Separators 174
9.2.3 Opener 175
9.2.4 Multimixer 177
9.2.5 Cleaner 178
9.2.6 Dedusters 179
9.3 Recent Advancements in Carding Machine 179
9.3.1 Chute Feeder 179
9.3.2 Feeding System 180
9.3.3 Carding System 181
9.3.4 Flat Cleaning System 182
9.3.5 Transfer System 182
9.3.6 Dust Filter System 184
9.3.7 Carding Coiler 184
9.4 JWF1313—A Well-Developed Drawframe 185
9.4.1 The New Experience of Dual-Drive Drafting 186
9.4.2 A New Braking Device with Auto Can Change 186
9.4.3 Independent Suction System 187
9.4.4 Cleaning Monitoring to Guarantee Quality 187
9.4.5 Structure Simplification for Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection 188
9.5 JWF1316/JWF1316T—An Example of Advanced Drawframe 189
9.5.1 Easy Operation 190
9.5.2 Energy Conservation, Environmental Protection by Low Input and High Efficiency 190
9.5.3 Simple and Convenient Maintenance 190
9.5.4 Flexible Usage by the Auto-leveler System 190
9.5.5 Continuous Production Without Care 191
9.5.6 Highly Efficient and Stable Drafting System 191
9.5.7 The Driving System with Reliable Cleaning and Feeding 192
9.6 Recent Advancements in the Ring Frame 193
9.7 Conclusion 194
References 195
10 Cotton in Weaving Technology 198
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 Warping 199
10.2.1 Direct Warping 200
10.2.2 Sectional Warping 200
10.2.3 Different Sections of Warping Machine 201
10.2.4 Commonly Used Parameters During Warping 201
10.3 Technical Discussion on Cotton Warping 202
10.3.1 Maintaining the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Cotton Yarn 202
10.3.2 Maintaining Uniform Tension 202
10.3.3 Circular Shape of the Warping Creel 203
10.3.4 Optimum Warping Speed 204
10.3.5 Beam Drum Pressure 204
10.3.6 Density of Warp 204
10.4 Sizing 205
10.4.1 Requisite Properties of Size Material Used for Cotton 205
10.4.2 Basic Size Ingredients 206
10.4.3 Lubricant Used for Cotton Yarn Sizing 206
10.4.4 Gelatinization Process of Starch Solution 207
10.4.5 The Innovation of Biodegradable Textile Sizing Agent 211
10.5 Sizing Machine 211
10.5.1 Creel Zone 211
10.5.2 Size Box Zone 212
10.5.3 Drying Zone 212
10.5.4 Splitting Zone 215
10.5.5 Beaming Zone 215
10.5.6 Stretch of Cotton Yarn During Sizing 215
10.6 Looming 216
10.7 The Relation Between the Drop Wire Densities and Yarn Count 216
10.8 Shedding 217
10.8.1 Cam Shedding 218
10.8.2 Dobby Shedding 218
10.8.3 Jacquard Shedding 219
10.8.4 Pneumatic Shedding 220
10.9 Shed Geometry 220
10.10 Picking 224
10.10.1 Classification of Picking Mechanism 224
10.10.2 Loom Timing 225
10.10.3 Conventional Picking Mechanism for Cotton 225
10.10.4 Unconventional Picking Mechanism 226
10.10.5 Cotton Fabric Density in Projectile 228
10.10.6 Fully Guided Solid Carrier 228
10.10.7 Fluid Carrier 229
10.10.8 Energy Consumption of Different Picking Mechanism 230
10.11 Beat-up 231
10.11.1 Types of Beat-up 231
10.11.2 Crank Beat-up 231
10.11.3 Factors Affecting the Motion of the Sley 231
10.11.4 Sley Eccentricity Ratio 232
10.11.5 Cam Beat-up Mechanism 233
10.12 Let-off 233
10.12.1 Negative Let-off 234
10.12.2 Semi Positive Let-off 235
10.12.3 Positive Let-off 235
10.12.4 Mechanically Controlled Let-off System 235
10.12.5 Electronically Controlled Let-off System 236
10.12.6 Mechatronic Let-off 237
10.12.7 Back-Rest and Dropper Position and Its Effect on Warp Tension 237
10.12.8 Eliminating Stop Marks or Startup Marks by Using Positive Let-off Motion 238
10.12.9 Effect of Let-off Type on Fell of the Cloth and Crimp 238
10.12.10 Let-off Motion Can Even Affect the Color 239
10.12.11 Let-off Motion for Pile Fabric 239
10.13 Take-up 239
10.13.1 Different Arrangements of Take-up Rollers to Avoid Slippage 240
10.13.2 Types of Take-up Motion 240
10.13.3 Electronic Take-up Motion 241
10.13.4 Role of Take-up Motion in Keeping a Constant Cloth Fell 242
10.14 Creating Fancy Effects by Variable Pick Density 242
10.15 Weaving Parameters 242
10.16 Controlling Parameters of the Loom 243
10.16.1 Warp Tension 243
10.16.2 Loom RPM 243
10.16.3 Shed Angle 244
10.16.4 Back-Rest Position and Height 244
10.16.5 Dropper Bar Position and Height 245
10.16.6 Fabric Width Control 246
10.16.7 Easing Motion 247
10.16.8 Weft Density (PPI) 248
10.17 Conclusion 250
References 250
11 Role of Cotton Fiber in Knitting Industry 254
11.1 Introduction 254
11.2 What Is the Knitting Industry, and What Is the Role of Cotton Fiber in the Industry? 256
11.3 Basic Concepts and Definitions 256
11.4 Principles of Interlooping (Knitting) Technology 260
11.4.1 Principles of Hand Knitting 260
11.4.2 Principles of Machine Knitting 261
11.4.3 Interloping (Knitting) Elements 263
11.4.4 The Methods of Forming Yarn into Needle Loops 267
11.5 The Knitting (Interlooping) Processes on Knitting Machines 270
11.5.1 Concept of Knitting Machines’ Classification 270
11.5.2 Features of Knitting (Interlooping) Processes on Single Bed Knitting Machines 271
11.5.3 Weft Knitting Machine. Knitting Process with Bearded Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine 272
11.5.4 Weft Knitting Machine. Knitting Process with Latch Needles on the Circular Knitting Machine 274
11.5.5 Knitting Process with Bearded Needles on the Warp Knitting Machine 277
11.5.6 Knitting Process with Compound Needles on the Warp Knitting Machine 280
11.5.7 Features of Knitting (Interloping) Processes on Double-Bed Knitting Machines 280
11.5.8 Weft Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting with Latch Needles on Double-Bed Circular or Flat Knitting Machines 280
11.5.9 Weft Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting with Latch Needles on Double-Bed Knitting Machines with the Distribution 286
11.5.10 Warp Knitting Machine. The Technology of Knitting on the Double Bed Warp Knitting Machine by Warp Knitting Method 288
11.6 Structures and Properties of Knitted Fabrics 290
11.7 Features of the Structure and Properties of the Basic Weft Knitted Fabrics 292
11.7.1 Single Weft Knitted Fabrics. Plain and Its Properties 292
11.7.2 Double Weft Knitted Fabrics. Rib and Its Properties 294
11.7.3 Double Weft Knitted Fabrics. Purl and Its Properties 295
11.8 Features of the Structure and Properties of the Basic Warp Knitted Fabrics 296
11.8.1 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. The Single Pillar Stitch and Its Properties 297
11.8.2 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. Tricot Lap and Its Properties 298
11.8.3 Single Warp Knitted Fabrics. Atlas Lap and Its Properties 299
11.8.4 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Pillar Stitches and Its Properties 300
11.8.5 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Tricot Lap and Its Properties 301
11.8.6 Double Warp Knitted Fabrics. Double Atlas Lap and Its Properties 302
11.9 Features of the Structure and Properties Group of Derivative (Variation of the Basic Group) Weft Knitted Fabrics 303
11.9.1 Single Derivative Weft Knitted Fabrics. Float and Its Properties 303
11.9.2 Double Derivative Weft Knitted Fabrics. Double Rib (Interlock) and Its Properties 304
11.10 Features of the Structure and Properties Group of Derivative (Variation of the Basic Group) Warp Knitted Fabrics 306
11.10.1 Single Derivative Knit Structures of Tricot (Cord and Satin) and Atlas Lap. Their Properties 306
11.11 Conclusion 307
References 308
12 Cotton in Nonwoven Products 311
12.1 Introduction 311
12.2 Cotton in Nonwoven Personal Care Products 313
12.2.1 Pain Relief 315
12.2.2 Nursing Pads 315
12.2.3 Adhesive Dental Sponge 315
12.2.4 Nasal Strip 316
12.2.5 Diapers 316
12.2.6 Cotton in Nonwoven Feminine Hygiene Products 318
12.3 Cotton in Nonwoven Medicals and Surgery 319
12.3.1 Transdermal Drug Delivery 320
12.3.2 Underpads 321
12.3.3 Surgical Disposable Caps, Gowns, Masks, and Shoe Covers 321
12.3.4 Surgical Drapes, Wraps and Packs 321
12.3.5 Surgical Dressing 321
12.4 Cotton in Nonwoven Apparel 322
12.4.1 Cotton Interlining and Interfacing 322
12.4.2 Military Apparel 323
12.4.3 Contamination Control Gown/Examination Gowns 323
12.5 Cotton in Nonwoven Home Textile and Upholstery 324
12.5.1 Bedding 326
12.5.2 Mattresses 326
12.5.3 Curtains 326
12.5.4 Wallcovering 326
12.5.5 Carpets 327
12.6 Cotton in Nonwoven Wipes 327
12.6.1 Personal Care Wipes 329
12.6.2 Personal Hygiene 329
12.6.3 Medical or Surgical Wipes 329
12.6.4 Baby Wipes 330
12.6.5 Cleansing Pads 330
12.6.6 Cosmetic Pads 330
12.6.7 Pet Care 330
12.6.8 Household and Home Cleaning Wipes 331
12.6.9 Industrial Wipes 331
12.7 Cotton in Nonwoven Industrial and Technical Textiles 332
12.7.1 Filtration Textiles 332
12.7.2 Geotextiles 334
12.7.3 Packaging Textiles 334
12.7.4 Functional Nonwoven Textiles 334
12.8 Future Trend of Nonwoven Cotton 335
12.9 Conclusion 336
References 336
13 Pretreatment of Cotton 339
13.1 Introduction 340
13.2 Cotton Pretreatment Processes 341
13.2.1 Singeing 341
13.2.2 Desizing 343
13.2.3 Scouring 348
13.2.4 Bleaching 349
13.2.5 Bio-Polishing 350
13.2.6 Mercerization 350
13.3 Advancements in Pretreatment of Cotton Textiles 351
13.3.1 Enzymatic Processing 352
13.3.2 Integrated Enzymatic Processing 354
13.3.3 Plasma Technology 354
13.3.4 Electrochemical Technique 355
13.3.5 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Processing 356
13.4 Conclusion 356
References 357
14 Cotton Fiber and Yarn Dyeing 360
14.1 History of Cotton Dyeing 360
14.2 Theory of Dyeing 361
14.2.1 Physical Theory 362
14.2.2 Chemical Theory 362
14.2.3 Physical-Chemical Theory 363
14.2.4 Fiber Complex Theory 363
14.2.5 Solid Solution Theory 364
14.2.6 Mechanical and Pigment Theory 364
14.3 Dyes Used for Cotton 364
14.3.1 Reactive Dyes 364
14.3.2 Sulfur Dye 366
14.3.3 Azoic(Naphthol) Dye 367
14.3.4 Basic Dye 368
14.3.5 Indigo Dye 369
14.3.6 Vat Dye 369
14.3.7 Direct Dye 370
14.3.8 Natural Dyes 371
14.4 Dyeing Process 371
14.5 Different Principles Involved in Dyeing 372
14.6 Factors Influencing the Dyeing Process 372
14.7 Preparation for Medium 372
14.8 Preparation for the Dyeing Process 373
14.9 Cotton Fiber Dyeing Method 373
14.10 Yarn Dyeing Methods 373
14.10.1 Batch Dyeing 374
14.10.2 Hank Dyeing 374
14.10.3 Beam Dyeing Method 374
14.11 Continuous Dyeing Method 375
14.11.1 Rope Dyeing Method 375
14.11.2 Slasher Dyeing Method 375
14.12 Machinery Used for Dyeing 375
14.12.1 Dyeing Machine for Loose Cotton Fiber and Sliver 375
14.12.2 Machines for Dyeing Cotton Yarn 376
14.13 Conclusion 377
References 378
15 Cotton Based Clothing 381
15.1 Introduction 381
15.2 Classification of Cotton-Based Clothing 382
15.3 Market Share of Cotton-Based Apparel 383
15.4 Comfort Properties of Cotton-Based Clothing 387
15.4.1 Softness 388
15.4.2 Drapability 388
15.4.3 Thermal Comfort 388
15.4.4 Thermal Conductivity 389
15.4.5 Moisture Vapor Transmission 389
15.4.6 Air Permeability 390
15.5 The Durability of Cotton-Based Clothing 390
15.6 Value-Added Product 391
15.6.1 Cotton and High-Performance Fibers Blends 391
15.6.2 Cotton/Jute Blend 391
15.6.3 Cotton Blends with Other Technical Fibers 392
15.7 Conclusion 392
References 393
16 Biomedical Application of Cotton and Its Derivatives 396
16.1 Introduction 397
16.2 Wound Dressing 399
16.2.1 The Traditional Cotton-Based Wound Dressing 400
16.2.2 The Advanced Cotton-Based Wound Dressing 400
16.3 Physical Modification 401
16.4 Chemical Modification 403
16.4.1 Etherification 403
16.4.2 Oxidization 404
16.4.3 Phosphorylation 407
16.5 Drug Delivery 408
16.5.1 Non-responsive Drug Delivery 408
16.5.2 Stimulation Responsive Drug Delivery 409
16.6 Surgical Purpose 410
16.6.1 Cotton Roll 410
16.6.2 Surgical Sutures 411
16.7 Dental Use of Cotton: Iced Cotton Bud as a Pre-Cooling Method for Palatal Anaesthesia 411
16.8 Tissue Engineering 412
16.9 Conclusion 413
References 413
17 Chemical Structure and Modification of Cotton 420
17.1 Introduction 420
17.2 Chemical Structure of Cotton 422
17.3 Mechanisms of Modification of Cotton Fiber and Fabric 424
17.4 Conclusion 426
References 427
18 Advanced Physical Applications of Modified Cotton 436
18.1 Introduction 438
18.2 Superhydrophobicity 438
18.3 Flame Retardancy 458
18.4 Conclusion Remarks, Challenges, and Prospects 461
References 462
19 Advanced Biological Applications of Modified Cotton 476
19.1 Antimicrobial 477
19.2 Medical 489
19.3 Insecticide 492
19.3.1 Conclusion and Prospects 493
References 494
20 Advanced Chemical Applications of Modified Cotton 504
20.1 Electrical Conductivity, Sensitivity, and EMI Shielding 506
20.2 Chemical Detoxification and Photocatalysis 511
20.3 Multi-advanced Applications 516
20.4 Conclusion 522
References 523
21 Recycled Cotton Fibers for Melange Yarn Manufacturing 531
21.1 Introduction 532
21.2 Fiber Preparation Methods 533
21.2.1 Dyeing of Virgin Cotton 533
21.2.2 Recycled Fibers as a Raw Material for Mélange Yarn 534
21.3 Fiber Mixing and Blending 537
21.3.1 Blend Shade in Blow Room 539
21.3.2 Sliver Blending 540
21.4 Mélange Yarn Spinning 540
21.5 Factors Affecting Spinning Mélange Yarn 542
21.6 Classification of Mélange Yarn 542
21.6.1 Blended 543
21.6.2 Non?Blended 543
21.7 Pros and Cons of Mélange Yarn 543
21.7.1 Advantages of Mélange Yarn 543
21.7.2 Significant Problems in Manufacturing Mélange Yarn 544
21.8 Application of Mélange Yarn 546
21.9 Conclusion 546
References 547
22 Cotton Melange Yarn and Image Processing 549
22.1 Introduction 549
22.2 Importance of This Technology 551
22.3 Development in Fiber and Yarn Image Processing During the Last Century 552
22.4 Possible and Practical Software Approaches in the Melange Yarn Industry 553
22.5 Melange Yarn Inspection 555
22.5.1 Analysis of Visual Inspection and it’s Quality Control 555
22.5.2 Computerized Inspection Model and System with Quality Controlling 557
22.5.3 Differences and Advantages of the Proposed Computerized Inspection Approach 561
22.6 Future Perspectives 562
22.7 Conclusion 563
References 564