Energy and Motorization in the Automotive and Aeronautics Industries (eBook)

KRYSINSKI Tomasz, Vice President Research and Innovation, Airbus Helicopters MALBURET Francois, Arts and Trades ParisTech (ENSAM), Campus of Aix-en-Provence

Foreword ix

Preface xi

Introduction xv

Chapter 1. Motorization and Reflection on Ideal Engines 1

1.1. Motorization for an aircraft 1

1.1.1. Helicopters 1

1.1.2. Aircraft 19

1.1.3. Compound formulas 22

1.2. Motorization for an automobile 25

1.2.1. Determining tractive force and useful power 25

1.2.2. Definition of ideal transportation powertrain 30

1.3. Conclusion 33

Chapter 2. Engine Technologies 35

2.1. Introduction 35

2.2. Gas turbines 36

2.2.1. General operating principles 36

2.2.2. Improvement of gas turbines 79

2.3. Electric motors 87

2.3.1. Introduction to electric motors 87

2.3.2. Use of electric motors and mission profile 93

2.3.3. Electric motor technologies for propulsion 101

2.3.4. Examples of specific propulsion systems and applications 105

2.4. Internal combustion engine pistons 111

2.4.1. Theoretical thermodynamic cycles 111

2.4.2. Real cycles 128

2.5. Conclusion 142

Chapter 3. Power Transmission Elements 145

3.1. Transmission system for rotating wings 145

3.1.1. Conventional helicopters 145

3.1.2. The case of multi-rotor structures 151

3.2. Transmission system for aircraft 152

3.2.1. Propeller aircraft cases 152

3.2.2. Turbojet aircraft 153

3.3. Transmission system for the automotive industry 154

3.3.1. Gasoline or diesel internal combustion engines 154

3.3.2. The case of electric motors 167

3.4. Conclusion 168

Chapter 4. Energy Storage 171

4.1. Classification of energy sources 171

4.1.1. Primary energy sources 171

4.1.2. Energy carrier concept 173

4.1.3. Use of different energy sources in automotive and aeronautical transport 174

4.2. Energy storage for transport 178

4.2.1. Different forms of energy storage 178

4.2.2. Different energy storage technologies 179

4.3. Forms of hydrogen storage 186

4.3.1. Storage in gaseous form 187

4.3.2. Storage in liquid form 188

4.3.3. Storage in solid form 189

4.3.4. Comparison of diesel fuel tanks and automotive batteries 213

4.4. Conclusion 217

Chapter 5. Hybridization 219

5.1. Hybridization of electric motors: range extender 221

5.1.1. Application examples for the automotive industry 222

5.1.2. Application examples for aeronautics 229

5.2. Hybridization of combustion engines: improving energy efficiency 232

5.2.1. Interest in parallel hybridization 232

5.2.2. Classification of electrical hybridization: the case of the automobile 234

5.2.3. Implementation of hybridization in the case of the automobile 255

5.3. Conclusion 263

References 265

Index 269