RF Circuits for 5G Applications

Sangeeta Singh, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Patna, India. She has been recognized as an eminent scholar in the field of electronics and computer engineering. She has published many research papers in reputed international journals and conferences, and has edited “CMOS Analog IC Design for 5G and Beyond” (2021). Rajeev Kumar Arya, PhD, received his doctorate in Communication Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Roorkee) in 2016. He is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Patna, India. He has published many articles in international journals and conferences and received the Best Paper award at ICCET-2019. B.C. Sahana, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Patna, India. He has supervised PhD, M.Tech, and B.Tech students in the area of signal processing, optimization, soft computing, and swarm intelligence techniques with applications to various engineering design problems, image processing and compression, computer vision, geophysical signal processing, and filter design. He has published more than 20 research publications in journals and conferences. Ajay Kumar Vyas, PhD, has more than 16 years of teaching and research experience. He is currently a senior assistant professor at the Adani Institute of Infrastructure Engineering, Ahmedabad, India. He has published several books on digital electronics and research papers in peer-reviewed international journals and conferences, and has edited five books.

Preface xv

Part I: 5G Communication 1

1 Needs and Challenges of the 5 th Generation Communication Network 3
Anamika Raj, Gaurav Kumar and Sangeeta Singh

1.1 Introduction 3

1.1.1 What is 5G and Do We Need 5G? 5

1.1.2 A Brief History of Gs 6

1.2 mmWave Spectrum, Challenges, and Opportunities 8

1.3 Framework Level Requirements for mmWave Wireless Links 11

1.4 Circuit Aspects 12

1.5 Outline of the Book 14

Acknowledgement 15

References 15

2 5G Circuits from Requirements to System Models and Analysis 19
Vipin Sharma, Rachit Patel and Krishna Pandey

2.1 RF Requirements Governed by 5G System Targets 19

2.2 Radio Spectrum and Standardization 20

2.3 System Scalability 21

2.4 Communication System Model for RF System Analysis 22

2.5 System-Level RF Performance Model 23

2.5.1 Transmitter, Receiver, Antenna Array and Transceiver Architectures for RF and Hybrid Beamforming 24

2.6 Radio Propagation and Link Budget 24

2.6.1 Radio Propagation Model 24

2.6.2 Link Budgeting 25

2.7 Multiuser Multibeam Analysis 26

2.8 Conclusion 28

Acknowledgement 29

References 29

3 Millimetre-Wave Beam-Space MIMO System for 5G Applications 31
G. Indumathi, J. Roscia Jeya Shiney and Shashi Kant Dargar

3.1 Introduction 32

3.2 Beam-Space Massive MIMO System 34

3.2.1 System Model 36

3.2.2 Saleh-Valenzuela Channel Model 37

3.3 Array Response Vector 37

3.3.1 mmWave Beam-Space Massive (mWBSM)-MIMO System 38

3.4 Discrete Lens Antenna Array 39

3.5 Beam Selection Algorithm 42

3.6 Mean Sum Assignment-Based Beam User Association 45

3.6.1 Performance Evaluation 46

3.7 Conclusion 49

References 49

Part II: Oscillator & Amplifier 53

4 Gain-Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques for mmWave Fully-Integrated Amplifiers 55
Shalu C., Shakti Sindhu and Amitesh Kumar

4.1 RLC Tank 56

4.1.1 RC Low-Pass (LP) Filter 56

4.1.2 RLC Band-Pass (BP) Filter 56

4.2 Coupled Resonators 57

4.2.1 Bode-Fano (B-F) Limit 57

4.2.2 Capacitively Coupled Resonators 59

4.2.3 Inductively Coupled Resonators 60

4.2.4 Magnetically Coupled Resonators 60

4.2.5 Magnetically and Capacitive Coupled Resonator 61

4.2.6 Coupled Resonators Comparison 62

4.3 Resonators Based on the Transformers 63

4.3.1 On the Parasitic Interwinding Capacitance 63

4.3.2 Effect of Unbalanced Capacitive Terminations 64

4.3.3 Frequency Response Equalization 65

4.3.4 On the Parasitic Magnetic Coupling in Multistage Amplifiers 66

4.3.5 Extension to Impedance Transformation 67

4.3.6 On the kQ Product 67

4.3.7 Transformer-Based Power Dividers (PDs) 68

4.3.8 Transformer-Based Power Combiners (PCs) 69

4.4 Conclusion 69

Acknowledgments 70

References 70

5 Low-Noise Amplifiers 73
Jyoti Priya, Sangeeta Singh and Bambam Kumar

5.1 Introduction 73

5.2 Basics of RFIC 75

5.2.1 Voltage Gain in dB 75

5.2.2 Power Gain in dB 75

5.2.3 Issues in RF Design 75

5.3 Structure of MOSFET 81

5.4 Bandwidth Estimation Techniques 84

5.5 Noise 88

5.5.1 Noise in MOSFET 89

5.6 Different Topologies of LNA 92

Conclusion 103

Acknowledgement 103

References 104

6 Mixer Design 107
Brajendra Singh Sengar and Amitesh Kumar

6.1 Introduction 107

6.2 Properties 109

6.3 Diode Mixer 114

6.4 Transistor Mixer 116

6.5 Conclusion 119

Acknowledgement 119

References 119

7 RF LC VCOs Designing 123
M. Sankush Krishna, Madhuraj Kumar, Neelesh Pratap Singh and Anjan Kumar

7.1 Introduction 124

7.1.1 Basic VCO Models 124

7.1.2 Phase Noise 125

7.1.3 Flicker Noise 126

7.1.4 Distributed Oscillators 128

7.2 Tuning Extension Techniques 129

7.2.1 Varactor 129

7.2.2 Switched Capacitors 130

7.2.3 Switched Inductors 131

7.2.4 Switched TLs 132

7.2.5 4th Order Tanks and Other Techniques 132

7.3 Conclusion 133

Acknowledgement 133

References 134

8 RF Power Amplifiers 137
Anchal Tyagi, Rachit Patel and Krishna Pandey

8.1 Specification 137

8.1.1 Efficiency 138

8.1.2 Generic Amplifier Classes 138

8.1.3 Heating 139

8.1.4 Linearity 139

8.1.5 Ruggedness 140

8.2 Bipolar PA Design 140

8.3 CMOS Power Amplifier Design 142

8.3.1 Performance Parameters 143

8.3.1.1 Linearity 143

8.3.1.2 Gain 143

8.3.1.3 Efficiency 144

8.3.1.4 Output Power 144

8.3.1.5 Power Consumption 144

8.3.2 Drawbacks of CMOS Power Amplifier 144

8.3.3 Design of CMOS Power Amplifier 145

8.3.3.1 Common Cascode PA Design 145

8.3.3.2 Self-Bias Cascode PA Design 146

8.3.3.3 Differential Cascode PA Design 147

8.3.3.4 Power Combining PA Design 147

8.4 Linearization Principles: Predistortion Technique, Phase-Correcting Feedback, Envelope Elimination and Restoration (EER), Cartesian Feedback 148

8.4.1 Predistortion Linearization Technique 148

8.4.2 Phase Correcting Feedback Technique 150

8.4.3 Cartesian Feedback Technique 151

8.4.4 Envelope Elimination and Restoration Technique 152

Acknowledgement 154

References 154

9 RF Oscillators 157
Pramila Jakhar and Amitesh Kumar

9.1 Introduction 157

9.2 Specifications 159

9.2.1 Frequency and Tuning 159

9.2.2 Tuning Constant and Linearity 159

9.2.3 Power Dissipation 160

9.2.4 Phase to Noise Ratio 160

9.2.5 Reciprocal Mixing 160

9.2.6 Signal to Noise Degradation of FM Signals Spurious Emission 161

9.2.7 Harmonics, I/Q Matching, Technology and Chip Area 161

9.3 LC Oscillators 162

9.3.1 Frequency, Tuning and Phase Noise Frequency Tuning Phase Noise to Carrier Ratio 163

9.3.2 Topologies 164

9.3.3 NMOS Only Cross-Coupled Structure 164

9.3.4 RC Oscillators 165

9.4 Design Examples 167

9.4.1 830 MHz Monolithic LC Oscillator Circuit Design Measurements 167

9.4.2 A 10 GHz I/Q RC Oscillator with Active Inductors 167

9.5 Conclusion 168

Acknowledgement 168

References 169

Part III: RF Circuit Applications 171

10 mmWave Highly-Linear Broadband Power Amplifiers 173
Shalu C., Shakti Sindhu and Amitesh Kumar

10.1 Basics of PAs 173

10.1.1 Single Transistor Amplifier 173

10.1.2 Trade-Offs Among Power Amplifier Design Parameters (P 0 , PAE and Linearity) 174

10.1.3 Harmonic Terminations and Switching Amplifiers 175

10.1.4 Challenges at Millimeter-Wave 177

10.2 Millimeter Wave-Based AB Class PA 177

10.2.1 Efficiency at Power Back-Off 178

10.2.2 Sources of AM-PM Distortion 178

10.2.3 Distortion Cancellation Techniques 179

10.2.3.1 Input PMOS Varactors 179

10.2.3.2 Complementary N-PMOS Amplifier 180

10.2.3.3 Degeneration Inductance 180

10.2.3.4 Harmonic Traps 180

10.3 Design Example: A Highly Linear Wideband PA in 28 nm CMOS 181

10.3.1 Transformer-Based Output Combiner and Inter-Stage Power Divider 182

10.3.2 More on the kQ Product 183

10.4 Conclusion 185

Acknowledgments 185

References 186

11 FinFET Process Technology for RF and Millimeter Wave Applications 189
A. Theja, Vikas A., Meena Panchore and Kanchan Cecil

11.1 Evaluation of FinFET Technology 189

11.1.1 Steps of Fabrication and Process Flow of FinFET Technology 191

11.1.2 Digital Performance 193

11.1.3 Analog/RF Performance 195

11.2 Distinct Properties of FinFET 197

11.2.1 Performance with Transistor Scaling 198

11.2.2 Nonlinear Gate Resistance by Three Dimensional Structure 199

11.2.3 Self-Heating Effect in FinFETs 202

11.3 Assessment of FinFET Technology for RF/mmWave Applications 203

11.3.1 RF Performance 204

13.3.1.1 Parasitic Extraction 206

11.3.2 Noise Performance 208

11.3.3 Noise Matching with Gain at the mmWave Frequency 210

11.4 Design Process of FinFET for RF/mmWave Performance Optimization 211

11.4.1 Cascaded Chain Design Consideration for Wireless System 212

11.4.2 Optimization of Noise Figure with G max for LNA Within Self-Heat Limit 213

11.4.3 Gain Per Power Efficiency 215

11.4.4 Linearity for Gain and Power Efficiency 217

11.4.5 Neutralization for mmWave Applications 219

References 220

12 Pre-Distortion: An Effective Solution for Power Amplifier Linearization 223
Gaurav Bhargava and Shubhankar Majumdar

12.1 Introduction 223

12.2 Standard Measures of Nonlinearity of Power Amplifier 224

12.2.1 Gain Compression Point (1 dB) 225

12.2.2 Harmonic and Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) 225

12.2.3 Third-Order Intercept Point (TOI) 227

12.2.4 AM/AM and AM/PM Distortion 227

12.2.5 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) 228

12.2.6 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) 229

12.3 What is Linearization? 230

12.3.1 Feed Forward Linearization 230

12.3.2 Feedback Linearization 231

12.3.3 Pre-Distortion Linearization 231

12.4 Example of Analog Pre-Distortion-Based Class EFJ Power Amplifier 234

Conclusion and Future Scope 237

References 238

13 Design of Control Circuit for Mitigation of Shadow Effect in Solar Photovoltaic System 241
Dhvanit Bhavsar, Shubham Bhatt, Siddhi Vinayak Pandey and Alok Kumar Singh

13.1 Introduction 242

13.2 Proposed Methodology 246

13.3 Results and Discussion 260

13.4 Conclusion 263

Acknowledgement 263

References 264

Part IV: RF Circuit Modeling 267

14 HBT High-Frequency Modeling and Integrated Parameter Extraction 269
Ashish Bhatnagar and Rachit Patel

14.1 HBT High-Frequency Modeling and Integrated Parameter Extraction 269

14.2 High-Frequency HBT Modeling 270

14.2.1 DC and Small Signal Models 271

14.2.2 Linearized T-Model 272

14.2.3 Linearized Hybrid π model 272

14.3 Integrated Parameters Extraction 275

14.3.1 Formulation of Integrated Parameter Extraction 275

14.3.2 Optimization of Model 276

14.4 Noise Model Validation 276

14.5 Parameters Extraction of an HBT Model 276

Acknowledgement 277

References 277

15 Non-Linear Microwave Circuit Design Using Multi-Harmonic Load-Pull Simulation Technique 279
Veral Agarwal and Rachit Patel

15.1 Introduction 279

15.2 Multi-Harmonic Load-Pull Simulation Using Harmonic Balance 280

15.2.1 Formulation of Multi-Harmonic Load-Pull Simulation 280

15.2.2 Systematic Design Procedure 281

15.3 Application of Multiharmonic Load-Pull Simulation 282

15.3.1 Narrowband Power Amplifier Design 282

15.3.2 Frequency Doubler Design 285

References 287

16 Microwave RF Designing Concepts and Technology 289
Madhu Raj Kumar and Neelesh Pratap Singh

16.1 Introduction 289

16.1.1 Gain 290

16.1.2 Noise 290

16.1.3 Non Linearity 291

16.1.4 Sensitivity 295

16.2 Microwave RF Device Technology and Characterization 296

16.2.1 Characterization and Modeling 296

16.2.2 Modeling 296

16.2.3 Cut-Off Frequency 298

16.2.4 Maximum Oscillation Frequency 299

16.2.5 Input Limited Frequency 301

16.2.6 Output Limited Frequency 301

16.2.7 Maximum Available Frequency 302

16.2.8 Technology Choices 302

16.2.9 Double Poly Devices 303

16.3 Passive Components 303

16.3.1 Resistors 304

16.3.2 Capacitors 304

16.3.3 Inductors 307

Conclusion 309

Acknowledgement 309

References 309

Index 313