Synchronizing 5G Mobile Networks

Dennis Hagarty is an experienced technical specialist in the fields of information technology and telecommunications. He has led presales, consulting, and engineering efforts for major utilities, corporations, and service providers in Australasia and Europe. Having worked in numerous technical areas, Dennis has concentrated on the mobile space for almost 30 years and has specialized in timing and synchronization for the last 12 years. In his current role, Dennis is the Cisco communications interface between engineering, field sales teams, and the global Cisco customer community for all matters related to 5G timing and synchronization. This mandate sees him talking with many large service providers, including most of the world's tier 1 mobile operators. Shahid Ajmeri is a senior product manager at Cisco with responsibility for leading its 5G transport and mobile edge architecture strategy. He has more than 20 years of experience in the service provider industry, focusing on various technologies ranging from 3G/4G to 5G mobile networks, mobile edge computing, telco data center, service provider security, time synchronization, and end-to-end network design. Shahid has been instrumental in driving network transformation projects and architecting next-generation networks for customers across the globe. He currently works across disciplines, bringing together engineering, standards development organizations, and customers to develop and translate product requirements from industry and standard-setting bodies to the market. Anshul Tanwar is a principal engineer at Cisco Systems, where he is known as a technologist with a combination of R&D expertise and business sensibility. During his tenure of more than 20 years at Cisco, Anshul has architected many routing and switching products used by large tier 1 mobile and Metro Ethernet service providers across the world. He has led the SyncE and PTP architecture definition and implementation for multiple access and pre-aggregation routers in Cisco. In his most recent role, Anshul was responsible for defining the deployment architecture of phase timing synchronization for one of the world's largest service provider LTE/LTE-A networks. He is also a co-inventor on three patents, including one covering synchronization.

    Foreword xxi
    Introduction xxiii
Part I Fundamentals of Synchronization and Timing
Chapter 1 Introduction to Synchronization and Timing 1
    Overview of Time Synchronization 1
    What Is Synchronization and Why Is It Needed? 3
    What Is Time? 10
    How Can GPS Provide Timing and Synchronization? 13
    Accuracy Versus Precision Versus Stability 15
    Summary 16
    References in This Chapter 16
    Chapter 1 Acronyms Key 16
    Further Reading 17
Chapter 2 Usage of Synchronization and Timing 19
    Use of Synchronization in Telecommunications 20
    Use of Time Synchronization in Finance, Business, and Enterprise 28
    Industrial Uses of Time—Power Industry 33
    Summary 34
    References in This Chapter 34
    Chapter 2 Acronyms Key 35
Chapter 3 Synchronization and Timing Concepts 39
    Synchronous Networks Overview 40
    Clocks 54
    Sources of Frequency, Phase, and Time 66
    Timing Distribution Network 82
    Consumer of Time and Sync (the End Application) 88
    Summary 89
    References in This Chapter 89
    Chapter 3 Acronyms Key 92
    Further Reading 95
Part II SDOs, Clocks, and Timing Protocols
Chapter 4 Standards Development Organizations 97
    International Telecommunication Union 98
    International Mobile Telecommunications 104
    3rd Generation Partnership Project 106
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 109
    European Telecommunications Standards Institute 116
    Internet Engineering Task Force 118
    Radio Access Network 120
    MEF Forum 126
    Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers and Audio Engineering Society 127
    Summary 128
    References in This Chapter 129
    Chapter 4 Acronyms Key 132
    Further Reading 137
Chapter 5 Clocks, Time Error, and Noise 139
    Clocks 139
    Time Error 154
    Holdover Performance 169
    Transient Response 172
    Measuring Time Error 173
    References in This Chapter 175
    Chapter 5 Acronyms Key 175
    Further Reading 177
Chapter 6 Physical Frequency Synchronization 179
    Evolution of Frequency Synchronization 180
    BITS and SSU 181
    Clocking Hierarchy 185
    Synchronous Ethernet 187
    Enhanced Synchronous Ethernet 189
    Clock Traceability 189
    Synchronization Network Chain 197
    Clock Selection Process 199
    Timing Loops 201
    Standardization 207
    Summary 207
    References in This Chapter 208
    Chapter 6 Acronyms Key 209
    Further Reading 211
Chapter 7 Precision Time Protocol 213
    History and Overview of PTP 214
    PTP Versus NTP 215
    IEEE 1588-2008 (PTPv2) 216
    PTP Clocks 242
    Profiles 250
    PTP Security 273
    IEEE 1588-2019 (PTPv2.1) 275
    Summary 280
    References in This Chapter 280
    Chapter 7 Acronyms Key 283
Part III Standards, Recommendations, and Deployment Considerations
Chapter 8 ITU-T Timing Recommendations 289
    Overview of the ITU 290
    ITU-T Study Group 15 and Question 13 291
    Reading the Recommendations 299
    ITU-T Physical and TDM Timing Recommendations 299
    ITU-T Recommendations for Frequency in Packet Networks 310
    ITU-T Packet-Based Timing Recommendations 316
    Possible Future Changes in Recommendations 340
    Summary 341
    References in This Chapter 341
    Chapter 8 Acronyms Key 342
    Further Reading 346
Chapter 9 PTP Deployment Considerations 347
    Deployment and Usage 348
    Factors Impacting Timing Performance 380
    Parameters for Timing Performance 383
    Clock Performance 401
    Budgeting End-to-End Time Error 419
    Network Holdover 422
    Packet Network Topologies 424
    Packet Transport 426
    Non-Mobile Deployments 430
    Summary 434
    References in This Chapter 435
    Chapter 9 Acronyms Key 437
    Further Reading 442
Part IV Timing Requirements, Solutions, and Testing
Chapter 10 Mobile Timing Requirements 443
    Evolution of Cellular Networks 444
    Timing Requirements for Mobility Networks 448
    Timing Requirements for LTE and LTE-A 455
    Evolution of the 5G Architecture 478
    5G New Radio Synchronization Requirements 496
    Summary 509
    References in This Chapter 510
    Chapter 10 Acronyms Key 512
    Further Reading 517
Chapter 11 5G Timing Solutions 519
    Deployment Considerations for Mobile Timing 520
    Frequency-Only Deployments 535
    Frequency, Phase, and Time Deployment Options 538
    Midhaul and Fronthaul Timing 550
    Timing Security and MACsec 556
    Summary 564
    References in This Chapter 565
    Chapter 11 Acronyms Key 567
    Further Reading 571
Chapter 12 Operating and Verifying Timing Solutions 573
    Hardware and Software Solution Requirements 574
    Writing a Request for Proposal 587
    Testing Timing 590
    Automation and Assurance 629
    Troubleshooting and Field Testing 635
    Summary 648
    Conclusion 649
    References in This Chapter 649
    Chapter 12 Acronyms Key 653
    Further Reading 658


9780136836254, TOC, 5/3/2021