Frequency Variations in Power Systems (eBook)

FEDERICO MILANO is Professor of Power System Protections and Control and Head of Electrical Engineering with the University College Dublin, Ireland. ÁLVARO ORTEGA MANJAVACAS is Senior Power Systems Researcher with the Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain.

List of Figures xiii

List of Tables xix

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxvii

Acronyms and Abbreviations xxix

Notation xxxiii

Part I Background 1

1 Frequency in Power Systems 3

1.1 Conventional Definitions 3

1.2 Alternating Current 6

1.3 Reference Frequency 8

1.4 Transforms 13

2 Power System Model 39

2.1 Time Scales 39

2.2 Quasi-Steady-State Model 41

2.3 Differential Algebraic Equations 45

2.4 Conventional Devices 48

3 Dynamic State Estimation 77

3.1 Basic Concepts 77

3.2 Introducing Dynamics 84

3.3 Estimation of Bus Frequencies 89

4 Frequency Control 105

4.1 Introduction 105

4.2 Power Balancing 106

4.3 Power Oscillation Damping 115

4.4 Nonsynchronous Devices 125

Part II Theory 137

5 Frequency Divider Formula 139

5.1 Rationale 139

5.2 Derivation 141

5.3 Equivalent Networks 155

5.4 Inclusion of Measurements 159

5.5 Frequency Participation Factors 163

6 Frequency Makers and Frequency Takers 175

6.1 Introduction 175

6.2 Derivation 176

6.3 Taxonomy 178

6.4 Examples 187

Part III Applications 205

7 Frequency Control 207

7.1 Impact of Frequency Signals 207

7.2 Synthesis of Frequency Signals 216

8 Dynamic State Estimation 227

8.1 Machine Rotor Speeds 227

8.2 Center of Inertia 247

8.3 Applications of the RoCoP 256

9 Power System Model 261

9.1 Introduction 261

9.2 Frequency Dependent Model 262

9.3 Example 265

10 Frequency in Power Systems 269

10.1 Definitions 269

10.2 Final Remarks 269

Appendix A Data 273

A.1 Three-Bus System 273

A.2 WSCC System 273

A.3 IEEE 14-Bus System 278

A.4 New England System 281

Appendix B Irish Transmission System 291

Bibliography 293

Index 313