Space Fostering Latin American Societies (eBook)

Foreword 6
Contents 7
1 The Need for the Enactment of a Mexican National Legislation for Space Activities 9
Abstract 9
1 Introduction 9
2 Overview of the Mexican Space Activities 10
3 Development of National Space Law 11
4 Mexican Legal Framework in Relation to Space Activities 13
4.1 International Treaties 13
4.2 National Law 16
4.2.1 Political Constitution of the United Mexican Sates 16
4.2.2 Law that Creates the Mexican Space Agency 17
5 Need for Amendments to Mexican Legislation 18
6 Concluding Remarks 20
2 The Importance of the Aerospace Sector for Mexico: An Industrial, Social and Educative Perspective 22
Abstract 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Aerospace Sector Social Impact 25
3 Current and Potential Work Field 28
3.1 Educative Offer 31
4 Conclusions 33
3 Study and Selection of Satellite Images of Nano Satellites for the Agriculture Field in Bolivia 34
Abstract 34
1 Introduction 35
2 Research 37
2.1 Satellites Images Used in Agriculture 37
2.2 Bolivian Market Study for Satellite Images 38
2.2.1 Analysis of Demand—Methodology 38
2.2.2 Summary Final Results 38
2.2.3 Agricultural Sector 39
2.2.4 Application in Agriculture 42
2.2.5 Study of Constellations 42
3 Conclusions 42
4 CIIIASaT Structure Additive Manufacturing Design 44
Abstract 44
1 Introduction 45
2 Methodology 47
2.1 Thermophysical Properties of Solids 47
2.2 Thermophysical Properties of Powders 49
2.3 Numerical Model Description 50
2.3.1 Model Volumes 50
2.3.2 Meshing the Model 50
2.3.3 Laser Model 51
2.4 Experimental Methodology 53
3 Results 55
4 Conclusions 59
5 Using Space Technology to Mitigate the Risk Caused by Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) 62
Abstract 62
1 CKDu in El Salvador and Related Research 63
1.1 Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) 63
1.2 Environmental Research 65
2 Technology and Modelling Aspects Related to CKD 68
2.1 Space Technology and Mitigating the Risk Caused by CKDu 68
2.2 Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) 69
2.3 Low-Cost NDVI Technique 70
2.4 Open Educational Resources 72
2.5 Spatial Modelling of Risks 74
2.5.1 Fuzzification of Thresholds for Agrochemicals 74
2.5.2 Spatial Information Density 75
3 Conclusions for Next Steps 77
6 Kourou: The European Spaceport and Its Impact on the French Guyana Economy 79
Abstract 79
1 Introduction 80
2 Guyana Space Center: A Spaceport Sets for the Future 82
2.1 An Overview of the Center’s Regulation System 82
2.2 The Importance of International Cooperation to Further Develop the Launchers Capacity of the GSC 85
3 The Impact of Space Sector on French Guyana Economy 87
4 Conclusion 89
7 Closing the Digital Divide: General Trends and Driving Factors Behind Internet Usage in Latin America 90
Abstract 90
1 Introduction 91
2 The Current State of the Art 92
3 Theoretical Background 96
4 Data 104
5 Empirical Analysis 105
6 Conclusion and Discussion 118
8 Time to Change Your Education Programme—The Transformative Power of Digital Education 119
Abstract 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Transforming Education: What Is E-Learning? 120
2.1 A Rough Guide to Developing E-Learning Modules 121
2.2 Benefits and Challenges 123
3 Tertiary Education in Latin America 124
4 Case Study: Why the IAEA Nuclear Security Education Programme Introduced E-Learning 125
4.1 Did It Work? 127
5 Conclusion 127
9 Changing Objectives in Achieving Space Sovereignty in Latin America 129
Abstract 129
1 Introduction 129
2 Seeking a Regional Satellite: Historical Perspectives 131
3 Learning from the Past: New Modes of Satellite Acquisition 133
3.1 Capacity Development and Knowledge-Transfer 134
3.2 Space Data as a Means for Development 135
4 Conclusion 136
10 Long-Term Sustainability of Space Activities: Achievements and Prospects 138
Abstract 138
1 Introduction 138
2 Sustainability on the Agenda of COPUOS: A Decade of Work 139
3 The GRULAC Proposal on Long-Term Sustainability 142
4 The Projected Code of Conduct of the European Union (EU) 147
5 Other Initiatives Concerning the Security and Safety of Outer Space 150
6 Conclusions on the Future of Sustainability: The Road Ahead 154
11 Latin America’s Space-Related Heritage and Its Preservation 156
Abstract 156
1 Introduction 156
2 Latin America’s Affinity with the Night Sky 157
2.1 Pre-Colombian Astronomical Heritage 157
2.2 Modern Astronomical Heritage 160
3 Contemporary Latin American Collaboration and Projects 161
4 Protection of the Dark Night Sky as Our Common Cultural Resource 163
5 Conclusion: Reserving Space-Related Heritage in an Era of Satellite Mega-Constellations 164