ICT Policy, Research, and Innovation

SVETLANA KLESSOVA was the coordinator of the PICASSO EU/US initiative "ICT Policy, Research and Innovation for a Smart Society". She is Director of Research and Innovation Partnerships at GAC Group, France, and is doing research in innovation management at the Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG. She is the editor of the open source volume Innovation Strategy in R&D Projects: A Step by Step Guide and authored numerous analytical reports. SEBASTIAN ENGELL is Professor of Process Dynamics and Operations at TU Dortmund University, Germany. He obtained several best paper awards and is a co-editor of the Wiley title Resource Efficiency of Processing Plants: Monitoring and Improvement (2018) and editor of the Wiley title Logistic Optimization of Chemical Production Processes (2008). MAARTEN BOTTERMAN is an independent policy analyst and founder and Director of GNKS Consult, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. He is the Chairman of the ICANN Board, Chairman of the IGF Dynamic Coalition of the Internet of Things, Board Member of the Institute for Accountability in the Digital Age, and Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the NLnet Foundation. JONATHAN CAVE belongs to the Economics Department of the University of Warwick, UK and the UK's Regulatory Policy Committee. He is also an Associate at GNKS Consult and a Fellow of the Alan Turing Institute, an area editor of the Journal of Cybersecurity and advisor to the Cyber Civilization Research Center at Keio University.

List of Contributors xviii

Editor

Biographies xx

Acknowledgments xxi

List of Acronyms xxiv

A Note from the Series Editor 1

1 Collaboration in a Globally Networked Knowledge Society 3
Svetlana Klessova, Maarten Botterman, Jonathan Cave, and Sebastian Engell

1.1 ICT Topics in Focus 6

1.1.1 5G 6

1.1.2 Internet of Things 7

1.1.3 Cyber-Physical Systems 7

1.1.4 Big Data 8

1.1.5 Cybersecurity 8

1.2 The Policy Aspect 9

1.3 International Collaborations – EU–US Partnerships 11

1.4 About this Volume 14

References 19

2 Industrial Drivers, Barriers, and Societal Needs: EU and US Perspectives 21
Haydn Thompson, Daniela Ramos-Hernandez, and Christian Sonntag

2.1 Introduction and Overview 21

2.2 Industrial Drivers and Societal Needs 23

2.2.1 Smart Cities 23

2.2.1.1 Landscape Analysis 23

2.2.1.2 Industry Interviews 24

2.2.2 Smart Energy and Smart Grid 26

2.2.2.1 Landscape Analysis 26

2.2.2.2 Industry Interviews 28

2.2.3 Smart Transportation 31

2.2.3.1 Automotive and Road 32

2.2.3.2 Rail 35

2.2.3.3 Aerospace 36

2.2.3.4 Maritime 38

2.2.4 Automation 40

2.2.5 Diagnostics and Plant Monitoring 42

2.2.6 Information Technology 43

2.2.7 Wireless and Telecommunications 44

2.2.8 Software Development and Tools 46

2.2.9 Research Organizations and Networks 47

2.2.10 Standardization 48

2.2.11 Recruitment 49

2.2.12 Summary of Key Recommendations 50

2.3 Barriers 51

2.3.1 Cross-Cutting Barriers 51

2.3.1.1 Structural Differences in Funding Environments 51

2.3.1.2 Administrative Overhead and Legal Barriers 52

2.3.1.3 Lack of Clarity of the Benefits of EU–US Collaboration 53

2.3.1.4 Restrictions due to Intellectual Property Protection 54

2.3.1.5 Lack of Joint EU–US Funding Mechanisms and Policies 55

2.3.1.6 Export Control and Privacy Restrictions 55

2.3.1.7 Lack of Awareness and Knowledge 56

2.3.1.8 Lack of Interoperability and Standards 56

2.3.2 Barriers in Smart Cities 56

2.3.3 Barriers in Smart Energy and the Smart Grid 57

2.3.4 Barriers in Smart Transportation 58

2.3.5 Barriers for Large and Small Companies 60

2.4 Concluding Remarks 60

References 61

3 Research and Innovation Programs as a Mechanism to Support Collaborative Efforts 63
Svetlana Klessova, Tariq Samad, Margot Bezzi, and Marta Calderaro

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 EU Research and Innovation FP 64

3.2.1 Coupling Research and Innovation 64

3.2.2 Collaborative, Interorganizational Projects 65

3.2.3 ICT Priorities and Opportunities in H2020 67

3.2.4 The FP 2021–2027: Horizon Europe 69

3.3 EU–US Collaboration in H2020 70

3.3.1 The EU–US Research and Innovation Collaboration Framework 70

3.3.2 US Participation in the EU Research and Innovation FPs 71

3.3.3 US Industry Participation in the EU ICT-Related Work Programme 71

3.4 US Programs for Collaborative Research 75

3.4.1 The Federal RDI Funding Landscape 75

3.4.2 National Science Foundation (NSF) 76

3.4.3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 78

3.4.4 Department of Defense (DoD) 79

3.4.5 Department of Energy (DoE) 80

3.4.6 NITRD: A Programmatic Umbrella Covering ICT 81

3.5 Conclusion 82

3.6 Annex 1: About the PICASSO Project 84

References 87

4 International Context and the Specific Value of EU–US Collaboration 89
Jonathan Cave and Maarten Botterman

4.1 Introduction 89

4.2 Advantages of EU–US Collaboration 90

4.2.1 General Aspects 90

4.2.2 Collaboration Along Technology, Market, and Policy Life Cycles 92

4.2.3 Specific Activities to Foster Collaboration 92

4.3 Overview 94

4.3.1 A Summary of Challenges and Opportunities 94

4.3.2 EU–US Comparisons 94

4.3.2.1 A Bit of History 94

4.3.2.2 The Difficulty of Meaningful Comparisons 103

4.3.3 Differences and Cooperation 103

4.4 Collaborative Research and Innovation Priorities and Barriers 103

4.4.1 EU and US Priorities 103

4.4.2 Barriers to Policy-driven R&I Collaboration 104

References 108

5 Challenges and Potential for EU–US Collaboration at the Intersection of the Internet of Things and Cyber-physical Systems 111
Christian Sonntag, Sebastian Engell, and Tariq Samad

5.1 Introduction 111

5.1.1 Internet of Things-Enabled Cyber-physical Systems 111

5.1.2 Objectives of this Chapter 113

5.2 R&I Priorities in the European Union and the United States 114

5.2.1 Cross-Domain Drivers and Needs 115

5.2.2 Enabling Technologies 115

5.2.3 Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) 116

5.2.3.1 R&I Priorities in the European Union 117

5.2.3.2 R&I Priorities in the United States 119

5.2.4 The Internet of Things (IoT) 121

5.2.4.1 R&I Priorities in the European Union 122

5.2.4.2 R&I Priorities in the United States 123

5.2.5 Application Sectors: Drivers and Needs 124

5.2.5.1 Smart Production 124

5.2.5.2 Smart Cities 126

5.2.5.3 Smart Energy 126

5.2.5.4 Smart Transportation 127

5.2.6 Synthesis of the Findings 128

5.3 Technology Themes for EU–US Collaboration 133

5.3.1 Autonomy and Humans in the Loop 134

5.3.1.1 R&I Topics 134

5.3.1.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 134

5.3.1.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 134

5.3.2 Model-based Systems Engineering 135

5.3.2.1 R&I Topics 135

5.3.2.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 135

5.3.2.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 135

5.3.3 Trust, (Cyber-)Security, Robustness, Resilience, and Safety 135

5.3.3.1 R&I Topics 135

5.3.3.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 136

5.3.3.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 136

5.3.4 Integration, Interoperability, Flexibility, and Reconfiguration 136

5.3.4.1 R&I Topics 136

5.3.4.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 136

5.3.4.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 136

5.3.5 Situational Awareness, Diagnostics, and Prognostics 137

5.3.5.1 R&I Topics 137

5.3.5.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 137

5.3.5.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 137

5.3.6 Closing the Loop in IoT-enabled CPS 137

5.3.6.1 R&I Topics 137

5.3.6.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 137

5.3.6.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 137

5.4 Key  Recommendations: Enabling EU–US Collaboration for IoT-Enabled CPS 138

5.4.1 Joint EU–US Knowledge Exchange Initiative 139

5.4.2 Joint NSF–EC Program on Autonomous IoT-enabled CPS in Horizon Europe 140

5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 141

References 142

6 Challenges and Potential for EU–US Collaboration in 5G and Beyond Networks 145
Yaning Zou, Gerhard Fettweis, Amitava Ghosh, Glenn Ricart, Matti Latva-Aho, and Lucas Scheuvens

6.1 Introduction 145

6.2 R&I Priorities of 5G Networks in the European Union and the United States 146

6.2.1 Cross-domain Drivers and Needs 146

6.2.2 5G and its Enabling Technologies 147

6.2.3 R&I Priorities in the European Union 148

6.2.4 R&I Priorities in the United States 150

6.2.5 Vertical Sectors: Drivers and Needs 152

6.2.5.1 Automotive and Transportation 152

6.2.5.2 Industrial Automation 153

6.2.5.3 Health 154

6.2.5.4 Energy 155

6.2.6 EU–US Research Collaboration in 5G Network 155

6.3 5G Beyond and Technology Themes for EU–US Collaboration 157

6.3.1 Connecting the Last Billions in Unserved Areas 159

6.3.1.1 R&I Topics 159

6.3.1.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 159

6.3.2 Wireless Premises Networks 159

6.3.2.1 R&I Topics 159

6.3.2.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 159

6.3.3 mmWave Technology Beyond 5G 160

6.3.3.1 R&I Topics 160

6.3.3.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 160

6.3.4 Spectrum Farming and Harmonization 160

6.3.4.1 R&I Topics 160

6.3.4.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 161

6.4 Fostering EU–US Collaboration for 5G Beyond: Strategies and Key Recommendations 161

6.4.1 Collaboration Strategies in the 5G Beyond Domain 161

6.4.2 Collaboration Opportunities in the 5G Beyond Domain 162

6.5 Conclusions and Outlook 163

References 164

7 Big Data Policies and Priorities: A Comparison Between the European Union and United States and Opportunities for Collaboration 165
Vasileios Papanikolaou, Nikos Sarris, Florence D. Hudson, Lea A. Shanley, Andrew S. Hoffman, and Christine R. Kirkpatrick

7.1 Introduction 165

7.2 R&I Priorities in the European States and the United States 166

7.2.1 Big Data Technology Enablers 166

7.2.2 EU Priorities and R&I Landscape 167

7.2.2.1 The EU Big Data Strategy 168

7.2.2.2 EU R&I Priorities 168

7.2.3 US Priorities and R&I Landscape 169

7.2.3.1 The US Big Data Strategy 171

7.2.3.2 The American Artificial Intelligence Initiative 172

7.2.3.3 US Research and Innovation Priorities 172

7.2.4 Postgraduate Education on Big Data 176

7.2.5 Application Sectors 177

7.2.5.1 EU Key Application Sectors 177

7.2.5.2 US Application Sectors 178

7.2.6 Conclusions 179

7.2.6.1 Similarities and Differences at the Design and at the Implementation Level 179

7.2.6.2 Similarities and Differences in Big Data Technology and Application Domains between the European States and the United States 180

7.3 Fostering EU–US Collaboration for Big Data: Opportunities and Key Recommendations 181

7.3.1 Collaboration Opportunities 181

7.3.1.1 Big Data Ecosystem Opportunities 182

7.3.1.2 Standardization and Regulation 183

7.3.1.3 Opportunities in Education and Workforce Development 183

7.3.1.4 Big Data for Smart Cities 183

7.3.1.5 Big Data and the Environment–Food–Energy–Water Nexus 184

7.3.1.6 Big Data for Better Health 184

7.3.2 Key Recommendations for Enhancing EU–US Collaboration in Big Data Technologies 185

7.3.2.1 Big Data EU–US Task Force for Enhancing Collaboration 185

7.3.2.2 Joint R&D Projects under the Horizon Europe Umbrella 186

7.4 Conclusions and Outlook 186

7.4.1 Summary of Recommendations 187

References 188

8 Cybersecurity and Privacy 191
Jim Clarke, Fabio Martinelli, Artsiom Yautsiukhin, Claudio Caimi, Alberto Terzi,  Silviya Nonova, Camille E. Sailer, Jody Serrano, and Yolanda Ursa

8.1 Introduction 191

8.2 Landscape of Cybersecurity in Europe and the United States 192

8.2.1 EU Cybersecurity and Privacy Strategy 192

8.2.1.1 NIS Public–Private Platform (NIS Platform) 192

8.2.1.2 Contractual Public–Private Partnership (cPPP) 192

8.2.1.3 EU Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy 193

8.2.1.4 European Agenda on Security 193

8.2.1.5 Digital Single Market Strategy 193

8.2.2 US Cybersecurity and Privacy Strategy 193

8.2.2.1 Federal Cybersecurity Research and Development Strategic Plan 194

8.2.2.2 National Privacy Research Strategy (NPRS) 195

8.2.2.3 International Strategy for Cyberspace 195

8.3 Priority Areas for EU–US Collaboration in R&I in CSP 195

8.3.1 Cybersecurity Research Domains 197

8.3.2 Applications and Technologies 198

8.3.3 Sectors 198

8.3.4 Expert Analysis of Our Ranking 199

8.3.4.1 Cybersecurity Research Domains 199

8.3.4.2 Applications and Technologies 199

8.3.4.3 Sectors 200

8.3.5 Recommended Focus Sectors for Transatlantic Cooperation 200

8.3.5.1 Finance 200

8.3.5.2 Health Care 200

8.3.5.3 Maritime 200

8.3.6 Summary of the Analysis of the Three Focus Sectors 201

8.4 Innovation Partnerships in CSP 203

8.4.1 Strategy 203

8.4.2 Multidisciplinary Approach 206

8.4.3 Resilience 206

8.4.4 Governance 206

8.4.5 Cooperation and Sharing 206

8.4.6 Reputation 206

8.4.7 Innovation 207

8.5 Cybersecurity

Policies Enabling EU–US Collaboration 207

8.5.1 Standards and Certification 207

8.5.1.1 EU Policies 207

8.5.1.2 US Policies 208

8.5.2 Public–Private Information Sharing 209

8.5.2.1 EU Policies 209

8.5.2.2 US Policies 210

8.6 Recommendations for EU–US Collaboration 210

8.7 Conclusions 212

References 214

9 The Next Generation Internet Initiative 217
Glenn Ricart, Jose Gonzalez, Vasilis Papanikolaou, Hubert Santer, Fabrice Clari, Nikos Sarris, Peter Van Daele, and Wouter Tavernier

9.1 Introduction 217

9.1.1 Technologies and Applications for an Internet of Humans 219

9.1.1.1 Key Application Areas 221

9.1.2 Drivers and Impediments for a Global DSM 221

9.2 Transatlantic Cooperation on NGI 224

9.2.1 State of Collaboration 224

9.2.2 NGI in the United States 226

9.2.2.1 Digital Policies in the United States 227

9.2.3 Funding Mechanisms and Opportunities 229

9.2.3.1 Europe 229

9.2.3.2 United States 230

9.2.4 Initiatives Supporting EU–US Collaboration on NGI 232

9.2.4.1 Transatlantic NGI Projects 232

9.2.4.2 US Clusters and Innovation Hubs 236

9.2.4.3 Initiatives Developing NGI Technologies 238

9.3 Think NEXUS to Support the Transatlantic NGI Alliance 239

9.3.1 Think NEXUS US Workshop 2019 241

9.3.1.1 Science and Technology Expert Group 241

9.3.1.2 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Expert Group 243

9.3.1.3 Policy Expert Group 247

9.4 Conclusions 249

References 251

10 Privacy and Data Protection Issues 255
Maarten Botterman and Jonathan Cave

10.1 Introduction 255

10.2 EU and US Policy Frameworks 256

10.3 Differences in Legal Status of Privacy 257

10.3.1 Europe: GDPR 258

10.3.2 The United States: Case Law Based on the Constitution 259

10.3.3 The EU/US Agreement Privacy Shield 261

10.4 ICT Development Impacts 261

10.4.1 5G Networks 262

10.4.2 Big Data 263

10.4.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 265

10.5 Conclusions 266

References 270

11 Information and Communication Technology Security Issues 273
Jonathan Cave, Maarten Botterman, and Dave Farber

11.1 Introduction 273

11.2 The Technical Situation 274

11.3 The Policy Situation 276

11.3.1 Cybersecurity Risk Cannot be “Minimized” 276

11.3.2 Trust Cannot be “Maximized” 277

11.3.3 Trust and Security are Both Real and Imagined 277

11.3.4 The International Dimension 278

11.3.5 Simplistic Approaches to a Complex Problem 280

11.3.5.1 Data and Its Uses and Abuses 280

11.3.5.2 Definitional Issues 282

11.3.5.3 Identification and Authentication 282

11.3.5.4 Data and Processing Integrity and Quality 285

11.3.5.5 Cybercrime and Cyber-enhanced Crime 287

11.3.5.6 Encryption 288

11.3.5.7 A Dialogue Between Technology and Policy 290

11.4 New ICT Developments Impacts 292

11.4.1 5G Networks 292

11.4.2 Big Data 294

11.4.2.1 The Scope of the Issue 294

11.4.2.2 The Accessibility of Big Data 295

11.4.2.3 Data Analytics and AI as Cybersecurity Tools 295

11.4.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 296

11.5 Possible Ways Forward 297

11.6 Conclusions 299

11.6.1 5G Networks 299

11.6.2 Big Data 300

11.6.3 IoT and Cyber-Physical Systems 300

11.6.4 Operational Conclusions 301

References 305

12 Standardization Issues 309
Maarten Botterman, Jonathan Cave, and Avri Doria

12.1 Introduction 309

12.1.1 How ICT Dynamics Affect Standards 310

12.1.2 Implications of Convergence 310

12.1.3 Convergence Is Not Inevitable 311

12.2 Standardization as a Collaborative and Competitive Activity 311

12.2.1 Why Address Standards Setting Now? 312

12.3 Drivers of ICT Standardization 313

12.3.1 Social Drivers 314

12.3.2 Technology Drivers 315

12.3.3 Economic Drivers 316

12.4 Standards Development in Practice 316

12.4.1 Permissionless Innovation 317

12.4.2 Open Standards 317

12.4.3 The Role of Standards Organizations 318

12.4.4 The Role of Governments 318

12.4.4.1 EU Perspective 319

12.4.4.2 US Perspective 320

12.5 Standardization: Focus on Technology Domains 320

12.5.1 5G Networks 320

12.5.2 Big Data 323

12.5.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 324

12.6 Perspectives Towards the Future 325

12.7 Conclusions 327

References 328

13 Spectrum Issues 331
Jonathan Cave

13.1 Introduction 331

13.1.1 Challenges to Existing Spectrum Policies 333

13.1.2 Implications for Research into Wireless Technologies and Services 333

13.1.2.1 Example: 2.6 GHz Spectrum Auction 334

13.1.3 Availability of Spectrum for Research Purposes 334

13.2 Technology-specific Spectrum Issues 334

13.2.1 5G Networks 334

13.2.1.1 Specific Issues (Tentative) 335

13.2.2 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 337

13.2.3 Big Data 339

13.2.3.1 Big Data Traffic Flows over the Electromagnetic Spectrum 339

13.2.3.2 Use of Data Analytics to Allocate Rights and Manage Spectrum Use 340

13.3 Perspectives Towards the Future 340

13.4 Conclusions 341

13.5 Annex A: Some Comments on IoT and CPS from the Spectrum Perspective 342

13.5.1 Internet of Things 342

13.5.2 Cyber-physical Systems 343

13.5.3 Link to Spectrum 343

13.6 Annex B: TV White Space (TVWS) 344

References 346

14 Digital Communities and EU–US ICT Development Collaboration 349
Glenn Ricart, Maarten Botterman, and Jonathan Cave

14.1 Why Focus on Digital Communities? 349

14.1.1 What are Communities? 350

14.1.2 The Effect of “Digitization” 350

14.2 Relation to Other Key Policy Issues 353

14.2.1 Privacy and Data Protection 354

14.2.2 ICT Security 354

14.2.3 ICT Standards 355

14.2.4 Spectrum 355

14.3 Digital Communities, Impacted 356

14.3.1 5G Networks 356

14.3.2 Big Data 357

14.3.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 357

14.4 Perspectives Towards the Future 358

14.5 Conclusions 360

References 362

15 Opening Towards a New Reality, Together 365
Maarten Botterman and Jonathan Cave

15.1 Introduction 365

15.1.1 Case for Collaboration 366

15.1.2 Most-relevant Issues 367

15.2 Policy Challenges for ICT R&I Collaboration 368

15.3 Privacy and Data Protection 368

15.3.1 Context 368

15.3.1.1 Differences in Legal Status of Privacy 369

15.3.2 ICT Development Impacts 370

15.3.2.1 5G Networks 370

15.3.2.2 Big Data 371

15.3.2.3 The Internet of Things and Cyber-physical Systems 372

15.3.3 Privacy and Data Protection Conclusions 372

15.4 Security 372

15.4.1 Context 373

15.4.1.1 The Technical Situation 373

15.4.1.2 The Policy Situation 374

15.4.2 ICT Development Impacts 377

15.4.2.1 5G Networks 377

15.4.2.2 Big Data 378

15.4.2.3 The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 379

15.4.3 Security Conclusions 379

15.5 Standards 380

15.5.1 Context 380

15.5.1.1 How ICT Dynamics Affect Standards 380

15.5.1.2 Implications of Convergence 381

15.5.1.3 Convergence is Not Inevitable 381

15.5.1.4 Standardization as a Collaborative and Competitive Activity 382

15.5.2 Standards Development in Practice 383

15.5.2.1 Permissionless Innovation 384

15.5.2.2 Open Standards 384

15.5.3 ICT Development Impacts 384

15.5.3.1 5G Networks 384

15.5.3.2 Big Data 385

15.5.3.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 387

15.5.4 Standards Conclusions 387

15.6 Spectrum 389

15.6.1 Context 389

15.6.1.1 Challenges to Existing Spectrum Policies 390

15.6.1.2 Implications for Radio Technology and Service R&I 391

15.6.1.3 Spectrum Availability for Research Purposes 391

15.6.2 ICT Development Impacts 392

15.6.2.1 5G Networks 392

15.6.2.2 Big Data 394

15.6.2.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 395

15.6.3 Spectrum Conclusions 396

15.7 Future Outlook 397

15.7.1 General Trends 397

15.7.1.1 Overarching Developments 397

15.7.1.2 The Evolving Security Landscape 398

15.7.2 The Role of Communities 399

15.7.2.1 The Future of Digital is Driven by Communities, and Vice Versa 401

15.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 403

15.8.1 General Aspects 403

15.8.1.1 Competition Between Domains 404

15.8.1.2 Coordination Models 404

15.8.2 Key Policy Domains 406

15.8.2.1 Privacy and Data Protection 406

15.8.2.2 ICT Security 408

15.8.2.3 Standardization 409

15.8.2.4 Spectrum 410

15.8.3 Lessons Learned from Digital Communities 411

15.8.4 Strategic Proposals for the Way Forward 412

15.9 Annexes 413

15.9.1 Annex A: Security Considerations 413

15.9.1.1 Data and Its Uses and Abuses 413

15.9.1.2 Definitional Issues 414

15.9.1.3 Identification and Authentication 414

15.9.1.4 Cybercrime and Cyber-Enhanced Crime 414

15.9.1.5 Encryption 415

15.9.1.6 A Dialogue Between Technology and Policy 416

15.9.2 Annex 2: Standards 418

15.9.2.1 Drivers 418

15.9.2.2 Organizational Roles 420

15.9.3 Annex C Spectrum 422

15.9.3.1 IoT and CPS from the Spectrum Perspective 422

15.9.3.2 TV White Space (TVWS) 424

15.9.4 Annex DFuture Developments 425

15.9.4.1 Trends 425

15.9.4.2 Digital Communities Perspectives on Policy and Technology Areas 427

15.9.4.3 How Do Communities Relate to the Three Technical Domains? 429

References 437

Index 439