RF Power Semiconductor Generator Application in Heating and Energy Utilization (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
About the Editors 9
Part I Solid State RF 11
1 RF Energy System with Solid State Device 12
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Basic Technology of a Microwave Amplifier with a Solid State Device 13
1.3 Recent Research and Development Status of Microwave Amplifiers 17
1.4 Recent Commercial High Power Microwave Amplifiers 20
1.5 New Microwave Heating Systems with Solid State Devices 22
1.6 Concluding Remarks 26
References 28
2 Solid-State RF Power Generators 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.1.1 The Magnetron 33
2.1.2 Benefits of the Solid-State Generator 35
2.1.3 The Need for a Systems Approach 37
2.2 RF Power Semiconductors 38
2.2.1 LDMOS 39
2.2.2 GaN 42
2.2.3 Reliability and Thermal Behaviour 44
2.2.4 Ruggedness 45
2.2.5 Internal Impedance Matching 46
2.2.6 Simulation Models 46
2.3 RF Power Amplifier Design 47
2.3.1 Key Performance Parameters 47
2.3.2 Power Amplifier Classes 48
2.3.3 Power Amplifier Packaging 50
2.3.4 Impedance Matching 50
2.3.5 Bias and Control 52
2.3.6 Pulse Considerations 54
2.3.7 Power Monitoring 55
2.3.8 Integrated Power Amplifier Devices 55
2.4 Generator Architecture 56
2.4.1 Gain Budgeting 57
2.4.2 RF Power Oscillators 58
2.4.3 Power Combining 59
2.4.4 Signal Sources 67
2.4.5 Coherent Measurements 68
2.4.6 Thermal Management 70
2.5 Design Tools 71
References 74
Part II Heating Applications 77
3 Mechanism of Microwave Heating of Matter 78
3.1 What Is Heat? 78
3.2 Difference Between Microwave Frequency and Vibrations of Atoms/Molecules 81
3.3 Interaction Between Microwaves (Electromagnetic Waves) and Matter 82
3.4 Heating Mechanism by the Microwaves’ Electric (E-) Field 83
3.4.1 Molecules (Mainly Liquids) 83
3.4.2 Inorganic Solids 86
3.5 Mechanism of Heating by the Microwaves’ Magnetic (H-) Field 87
3.5.1 Electric Conductor 88
3.5.2 Ferromagnetic Materials 89
3.5.3 Distinction Between Induction Current (Ohmic) Loss and Magnetic Loss 93
3.6 Converting Mechanisms of Microwave Energy into Heat 93
References 96
4 Microwave Flow Chemistry 97
4.1 Introduction 97
4.1.1 Microwave Heating Devices 97
4.1.2 Microwave Heating in Chemical Synthesis 99
4.1.3 Flow Chemistry: Principles and Benefits 100
4.1.4 Synergy of Flow Chemistry and Microwave Heating 101
4.1.5 Merits of a Semiconductor Microwave Generator in Flow Chemistry 103
4.2 Semiconductor Generators: Microwave Flow Chemistry Applications 104
4.2.1 Reported Reactor Configurations and Capabilities 104
4.2.2 High-Temperature Rearrangements and Cycloadditions 106
4.2.3 High-Temperature Alkylation Reactions 111
4.2.4 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions 113
4.2.5 Reaction Optimization 114
4.3 Summary and Outlook 116
References and Notes 117
5 Curing of Adhesives and Resins with Microwaves 124
5.1 Molecular Polarization and Rotation 124
5.2 Reaction Kinetics 127
5.3 Thermodynamics 127
5.4 Field Size and Uniformity Effects 128
5.5 Variable Frequency Microwaves {VFM} 129
5.6 Temperature Control of Adhesion 130
5.7 Unique Polymerization Characteristics 131
5.7.1 Thermoplastic Chemistries 132
5.7.2 Microwave Curing of Thermoplastics 132
5.7.3 Thermoset Chemistries 133
5.7.4 Microwave Curing of Thermosets 134
5.7.5 Commercial Adhesive Results 135
5.8 Stress and Temperature 136
5.9 Exothermic Temperature Control 139
5.10 Effects of Fillers in Adhesives 139
5.11 Application Failure Mechanisms 141
5.12 Interactions with UV Adhesives and Microwaves 141
5.13 Chemical Optimization for Microwaves 142
5.14 Commercial Adoption and Equipment 143
References 147
6 RF Cooking Ovens 149
6.1 Figures of Merit 149
6.1.1 Resonant Cavities 149
6.1.2 Quality Factor and Mode Separation 150
6.1.3 Electromagnetic Interaction with Food 151
6.2 Simulations 153
6.3 Intelligent Cooking 158
6.4 A Closed-Loop System 158
6.5 Performance Characterization 160
6.5.1 Efficiency 160
6.5.2 Uniformity 161
6.6 Concluding Remarks 164
References 165
7 Radio Frequency (RF) Discharge Lamps 166
7.1 The Beginning 166
7.2 Radio Frequency (RF) Discharge Lamps 169
7.3 Attractive Features of RF Discharge Lamps 172
7.4 Novel Application of RF Discharge Lamp 172
7.4.1 Enhancement of Reactions in Organic Synthesis by MDEL Systems 173
7.4.2 Environmental Remediation Using Microwave Dielectric Heating 174
7.5 Advantages of Using a Semiconductor Microwave Generator 174
7.6 Initiatives that a MDEL Lamp Should Aim for in the Future 176
7.7 Concluding Remarks 178
References 180
Part III Energy Applications 182
8 Microwave Plasma 183
8.1 Microwave Discharge Breakdown 183
8.2 Establishment of Steady-State Discharge 185
8.3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Plasma 186
8.4 Production of Low-Pressure Microwave Plasma Without Magnetic Field (Surface Wave Plasma SWP)
8.5 Low-Pressure Microwave Plasma with Magnetic Field (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma ECR Plasma)
8.6 High-Pressure Microwave Plasma 193
8.7 Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma (APMP) 194
References 195
9 Plasma-Assisted Combustion in Automobile Engines Using Semiconductor-Oscillated Microwave Discharge Igniters 197
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 Heating System of Catalytic Converters Using Microwaves [13] 198
9.2.1 Background 198
9.2.2 Experimental Setup and Results 201
9.2.3 Summary 203
9.3 Improvement in Combustion Performance and Lean Burn Limit by a Multi-point Microwave Discharge Igniter 204
9.3.1 Background 204
9.3.2 Microwave Oscillation and Control 205
9.3.3 MDI Performance Test with Constant Volume Combustion Chamber 209
9.3.4 MDI Performance Test with Multi-cylinder Engine 211
9.3.5 Load Performance Test of Lean Burn 212
9.3.6 Emission Performance Test of Lean Burn 214
9.3.7 Summary 214
9.4 A Novel Plasma Igniter 215
References 216
Part IV New Application 219
10 Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording 220
10.1 Introduction 220
10.2 Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) 223
10.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Switching (MAS) 223
10.2.2 Spin-Torque Oscillator (STO) for MAMR 229
10.3 MAMR-Based 3D Magnetic Recording 231
10.3.1 Layer-Selective MAS 231
10.3.2 STO Reader for 3D Recording 234
10.4 Summary 236
References 238