Radar Energy Warfare and the Challenges of Stealth Technology (eBook)

Preface 7
Acknowledgment 10
Contents 11
About the Author 15
Chapter 1: Fundaments of Radar 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 First Principle of Radar Concept and Experiments 20
1.3 Radar Types 23
1.3.1 Radar Classification Sets 29
1.3.1.1 Multifunction Radars 30
1.3.1.2 Multi-target Tracking Radar 30
1.3.2 Radar Wave and Frequency Bands 40
1.3.2.1 A- and B-Band (HF and VHF Radar) 44
1.3.2.2 C-Band (UHF Radar) 45
1.3.2.3 D-Band (L-Band Radar) 47
1.3.2.4 E/F-Band (S-Band Radar) 47
1.3.2.5 G-Band (C-Band Radar) 48
1.3.2.6 I/J-Band (X- and Ku-Band Radars) 48
1.3.2.7 K-Band (K- and Ka-Band Radars) 49
1.3.2.8 V-Band Radar 50
1.3.2.9 W-Band Radar 50
1.3.2.10 N-Band Radar 51
1.3.3 Radar Frequencies, Bands, and Usage 51
1.4 Radar Basic, Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF), and Pulse Repetition Time (PRT) 53
1.4.1 Receiving Time 57
1.4.2 Dead Time 58
1.4.2.1 Phased Array Antenna 58
1.4.2.2 Phased Shifter 60
1.4.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 61
1.4.2.4 Possible Arrangements 61
Linear Array 61
Planar Array 62
Frequency Scanning Array 62
1.5 Calculation of the Phase Shift 64
1.5.1 Modulators 65
1.5.2 Burst Mode 68
1.5.3 Ambiguity Range 69
1.5.3.1 Low Pulse Repetition Frequency 70
1.5.3.2 Medium Pulse Repetition Frequency 71
1.5.3.3 High Pulse Repetition Frequency 72
1.5.3.4 Sonar 72
1.5.3.5 Laser 73
1.5.4 Unambiguity Range 73
1.5.4.1 Single Pulse Repetition Frequency 73
1.5.4.2 Multiple Pulse Repetition Frequency 74
1.5.5 Maximum Unambiguous Range 74
1.6 Staggered Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) 75
1.7 Multiple Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) 76
1.8 What Is Radar Energy 78
1.9 Propagation of Electromagnetic (EM) Energy and Pulse Volume 86
1.10 Radar Range Equation 94
1.11 Other Forms of Radar Equation 99
1.11.1 Surveillance Radar Equation 100
1.11.2 Tracking Radar Equation 100
1.11.3 Surface Clutter Range Equation 100
1.11.4 Volume Clutter Radar Equation 101
1.11.5 Noise Jamming Radar Equation (Surveillance) 101
1.11.6 Noise Jamming Radar Equation (Tracking) 102
1.11.7 Self-Screening Range Equation 102
1.11.8 Weather Radar Equation 103
1.11.9 Synthetic-Aperture Radar Equation 103
1.11.10 HF Over-the-Horizon Radar Equation 104
1.12 Sea Clutter Suppression 104
1.13 Rain Clutter 107
1.14 Jamming-to-Signal (J/S) Ratio: Constant Power [Saturated] Jamming 109
1.14.1 Jamming 109
1.14.2 J/S Self-Protection Electronic Attack (EA) Versus Monostatic Radar 113
1.15 Jamming-to-Signal Ratio (Monostatic) 114
1.16 J/S Calculations (Monostatic) Using a One-Way Free-Space Loss 115
1.17 J/S for Self-Protection Electronic Attack (EA) Versus Bistatic Radar 116
1.18 J-to-S Ratio (Bistatic) 118
1.19 Bistatic J/S Calculations (Bistatic) Using a One-Way Free-Space Loss 119
1.20 Standard J/S (Monostatic) Example (Constant Power Jamming) 119
1.21 Millimeter-Wave Radar Equation 120
References 123
Chapter 2: Electronic Countermeasure and Electronic Counter-Countermeasure 126
2.1 Introduction 126
2.2 Explanation of Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) 127
2.3 Electronic Support Measure (ESM) 134
2.4 Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) 136
2.5 Electronic Counter-Countermeasure (ECCM) 146
2.6 Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) vs. Electronic Counter-Countermeasure (ECCM) 148
2.7 How ECCM Techniques Take Electronic Warfare to the Next Level 151
References 159
Chapter 3: Radar-Absorbent Material and Radar Cross Section 161
3.1 Introduction 161
3.2 Types of Radar-Absorbent Material (RAM) 162
3.3 Introduction to ADS-B Radar 167
3.4 Radar Cross Section 178
3.4.1 Calculation of the Radar Cross Section 179
3.4.2 RCS for Point-Like Targets 181
3.5 Radar Cross Section Reduction 183
3.6 Ways to Track Low Observable (LO) Aircraft 190
3.7 Stealthy No More 196
3.8 S-300V4 (NATO: SA-23 Gladiator) 207
3.9 S-400 Almaz-Antey (NATO: SA-21 Growler) 209
3.10 S-500 Missile System Triumfator-M 210
3.11 American Stealth Fighter and Bomber Versus Russian S-300, S-400, and S-500 214
References 217
Chapter 4: Stealth Technology 218
4.1 Introduction 218
4.2 Fifth Generation of Warplanes (1995-2025) 221
4.3 Proposed Sixth Generation of Warplanes 229
4.4 Science and History of Stealth Technology 235
4.5 Stealth Technology 243
4.6 More About Stealth Technology 248
4.6.1 Further Radar Cross Section (RCS) Discussion 249
4.6.2 Minimizing Radar Cross Section (RCS) 253
4.6.3 Shape of the Airplane 256
4.6.4 Shape for Stealth 259
4.6.5 Radar-Absorbent Surface (RAS) 261
4.6.6 Radar-Absorbent (or Absorbing) Materials (RAMs) 262
4.6.7 Infrared (IR) 268
4.6.8 Infrared Signature and Infrared Stealth 269
4.6.9 Plasma Stealth 272
4.6.9.1 Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation by Plasma Stealth 279
4.7 Advantages of Stealth Technology 280
4.8 Disadvantages of Stealth Technology 282
4.9 The Future of Quantum Stealth or Stealth Technology 287
4.10 Stealth Aircraft of Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 292
4.11 Stealth Technology Versus Electronic Warfare 293
4.12 E-Bomb-Driven Directed-Energy Warfare 302
4.12.1 Directed-Energy Warfare 307
4.12.2 Characteristic of Directed-Energy Weapons (DEWs) 307
4.12.3 Potential for Aircraft Operations 308
4.13 Sixth-Generation Pilotless Driven Directed-Energy Warfare Delivery 310
4.14 Stealth in Strike Warfare 313
References 321
Appendix A: Luneburg Lens Radar Reflector 324
A.1 Introduction 324
A.2 Physics of Luneburg Len 329
A.3 Luneburg´s Solution 331
A.4 Maxwell´s Fish-Eye Lens 332
A.5 Production and Attribution 332
A.6 Applications 333
A.6.1 Radar Reflector 333
A.6.2 Microwave Antenna 334
A.7 Path of a Ray Within the Lens 337
Appendix B: New Weapon of Tomorrow´s Battlefield Driven by Hypersonic Velocity 339
B.1 Introduction 340
B.2 The History of Hypersonic Vehicle 342
B.3 Weakly Ionized Plasmas via MHD and Electrohydrodynamics Driving Hypersonic Flows 348
B.4 What Is a Hypersonic Weapon? 349
B.5 What Types of Hypersonic Weapons Are in Development? 349
B.6 What Are Some Technical Requirements Needed for Hypersonic Weapons? 351
B.7 Which Countries Are Developing Hypersonic Weapons? 351
B.7.1 What Is the Significance of Russia´s Latest Missile Efforts? 353
B.7.2 Is China Also Testing and Using Similar Hypersonic Missiles? 353
B.7.3 How Could the United States Defend Against Hypersonic Weapons 354
B.8 What Is the Scalar Wave? 356
B.9 Transmitters and Receivers for Scalar Longitudinal Wave (SLW) 363
B.10 Scalar Waves as Weapons 368
B.11 Scalar Waves Superweapon Conspiracy Theory 369
Appendix C: Digital Signal Processing for Radar Applications 372
C.1 Introduction 372
C.2 Continuous-Wave Radar 373
C.3 Pulse Radar 374
C.3.1 Pulse Radar 376
C.4 Radar Equation 378
C.5 Pulse Width 382
C.6 Unambiguous Range 387
C.7 Pulse Compression 391
C.8 Echo and Doppler Shift 393
Appendix D: Monostatic, Bistatic, and Multistatic Radars 396
D.1 Introduction 396
D.2 Monostatic Radar 399
D.3 Bistatic Radar 400
D.4 Multistatic Radar 404
D.4.1 Multistatic Radar Characteristics 409
D.5 Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radar 412
Appendix E: China´s Stealth Fighters and Bombers Technology 415
E.1 Introduction 415
References 422
Index 425