Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 7
About the Editor 9
1: Rare Earth-Based Nanoparticles: Biomedical Applications, Pharmacological and Toxicological Significance 10
1.1 Background: Lanthanide Elements and Properties 12
1.2 Synthesis Aspects 13
1.2.1 Functionalization of REBNPs 13
1.2.2 Rare Earth-Doped Nanoparticles 14
1.3 Biomedical Applications 14
1.3.1 Bioimaging 14
1.3.2 Biosensing 16
1.3.3 Therapeutic Applications 17
1.3.3.1 Drug Delivery 18
1.3.3.2 Fluorescence (Image-Guided Therapy) 19
1.3.3.3 Antioxidant Property 21
1.3.3.4 Angiogenesis/Anti-Angiogenesis Activity 22
1.3.3.5 Anticancer Activity 26
1.3.3.6 Neurodegenerative Disease Therapy 26
1.3.3.7 Antidiabetic Activity 29
1.3.3.8 Antimicrobial Activity 29
1.4 Toxicological and Pharmacokinetic Aspects 30
1.4.1 General Exposure Routes of Nanoparticles 31
1.4.1.1 Pulmonary Exposure of Nanoparticles 31
1.4.1.2 Dermal Exposure of Nanoparticles 31
1.4.2 Lanthanide Nanomaterials (LNMs) Actions at Cellular Level 32
1.4.3 Toxicological Aspects of Lanthanide-Based Nanoparticles 32
1.4.3.1 Lanthanum Nanoparticles 33
1.4.3.2 Cerium Nanoparticles 34
1.4.3.3 Dysprosium Nanoparticles 36
1.4.3.4 Europium Hydroxide Nanoparticles 36
1.4.4 Pharmacokinetics of Lanthanide Nanomaterials (LNMs) 38
1.4.4.1 Bio-distribution and Clearance Studies 39
1.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 42
References 43
2: Nanomedicine for Hepatic Fibrosis 53
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Hepatic Fibrosis 54
2.3 Orchestrating Role of HSCs in Hepatic Fibrosis 54
2.4 Antifibrotic Strategies 55
2.4.1 Non-HSC-Mediated Antifibrotic Targets 56
2.4.2 HSC-Mediated Antifibrotic Targets 56
2.5 Challenges in Antifibrotic Therapy 58
2.6 Nanoformulation for the Therapy of Hepatic Fibrosis 59
2.6.1 Plant-Derived Antifibrotic Nanoformulations 59
2.6.1.1 Silymarin 59
2.6.1.2 Curcumin 59
2.6.1.3 Salvianolic Acid 60
2.6.1.4 Miscellaneous 60
2.6.2 Synthetic Antifibrotic Nanoformulations 61
2.6.2.1 Sorafenib 61
2.6.2.2 Paclitaxel 61
2.6.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid 61
2.6.2.4 Miscellaneous 62
2.7 Antifibrotic Therapy with NP-Laden Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) 63
2.8 HSC Targeted NP Delivery: Decoration and Drug-Laden Strategies 64
2.9 Advantages and Limitations of NP-Based HSC Targets 66
2.10 Future Directions 67
2.11 Conclusion 68
References 68
3: Biomedical Applications of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Eco-friendly Method 73
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Different Methods Used to Synthesize Nanoparticles 74
3.3 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles 75
3.4 Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 76
3.4.1 Plant-Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Its Biological Application 77
3.4.2 Bacterial-Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles and Its Biological Application 90
3.4.3 Fungal-Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles 91
3.4.4 Algal-Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles 91
3.5 Conclusion 91
References 96
4: Potential Applications of Greener Synthesized Silver and Gold Nanoparticles in Medicine 102
4.1 Introduction 102
4.2 Green Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles 104
4.3 Application of Greener Synthesized Silver and Gold Nanoparticle in Medicine 105
4.3.1 Diagnostic and Imaging Applications of Greener Synthesized Gold and Silver Particles 106
4.3.2 Therapeutic Applications of Greener Synthesized Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 107
4.3.2.1 Cancer Applications 108
4.3.2.2 Antibacterial Activity 110
4.3.2.3 Drug Delivery Applications 114
4.3.2.4 Wound Healing Applications 117
4.3.2.5 Leishmanicidal Agents 118
4.3.2.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity 119
4.3.2.7 Anticoagulating Activity 120
4.3.2.8 Antioxidant Activity 120
4.3.2.9 Antidiabetic Activity 120
4.3.2.10 Antiviral Activity 121
4.3.2.11 Antiangiogenic Activity 121
4.4 Conclusions 122
References 123
5: Nanofinished Medical Textiles and Their Potential Impact to Health and Environment 134
5.1 Smart, Technical, and Medical Textiles 135
5.1.1 Smart Textiles 135
5.1.2 Technical and Protective Textiles 135
5.1.2.1 Selection of Protective Cloths 136
5.1.3 Medical Textiles 137
5.1.3.1 Classification of Medical Textile Products 137
5.1.3.2 Prerequisites of Medical Textiles 139
5.1.3.3 Disposable Medical Textiles 139
5.1.3.4 Reusable Medical Textiles 139
5.1.4 Nanotechnology Applications 140
5.2 Nanofinished Medical Textiles 141
5.3 Potential Impact of Nanotechnology 141
5.4 Nanopollution 142
5.5 Nanotoxicity and Risks 143
5.6 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (Scott 2015) 143
5.7 Nanowaste 144
5.7.1 Classification of Hazardous Nanowastes 145
5.8 Concept of Storage and Disposal of Nanomaterials 147
5.8.1 Storage of Nanomaterial Waste Prior to Disposal 147
5.8.2 Disposal of Nanomaterial Waste 148
5.9 Conclusion 148
References 149
6: Therapeutic Applications of Graphene Oxides in Angiogenesis and Cancers 153
6.1 Introduction 156
6.2 History of Graphene and Graphene Oxides 157
6.3 Biomedical Applications of Graphene Oxides 158
6.4 Therapeutic Applications of Graphene Oxides 158
6.4.1 Angiogenesis 158
6.4.1.1 Pro-angiogenic Property/Therapeutic Angiogenesis 160
6.4.1.2 Anti-angiogenic Property 162
6.4.1.3 Wound Healing 164
6.4.2 Cancer 167
6.4.2.1 Anticancer Activity 167
6.4.2.2 Drug Delivery 168
6.4.2.3 Gene Delivery 172
6.4.2.4 Photothermal Therapy 175
6.4.2.5 Immunotherapy 177
6.4.2.6 Biosynthesized Graphene Oxides 179
6.5 Bio-imaging Applications of Graphene Oxides 180
6.6 Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Studies 184
6.7 Global Market 186
6.8 Future Directions of Graphene Oxides in Biomedical Applications 187
References 188
7: Use of Nanoparticles to Manage Candida Biofilms 196
7.1 Introduction 196
7.2 Clinical Significance of Candida Species Biofilms 197
7.3 Resistance of Candida Biofilms to Conventional Antimicrobials 199
7.4 Nanoparticles Used to Manage Candida Species 201
7.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles 201
7.4.2 Selenium Nanoparticles 202
7.4.3 Silver Nanoparticles 203
7.4.4 Copper Nanoparticles 205
7.4.5 Bismuth Nanoparticles 206
7.4.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 207
7.4.7 Boron Nitride Nanoparticles 208
7.4.8 Nanoparticles of Melaleuca alternifolia 208
7.4.9 Chitosan Nanoparticles 209
7.4.10 Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles 210
7.4.11 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles 212
7.4.12 Silica Nanoparticles 213
7.5 Conclusion 214
References 214
8: Biomedical Applications of Lignin-Based Nanoparticles 222
8.1 Introduction 222
8.2 Biomedical Applications 223
8.3 Conclusion 226
References 227
9: Green Nanoparticles for Biomedical and Bioengineering Applications 230
9.1 Introduction 231
9.2 Green Chemistry for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles 232
9.3 Bioresources for the Synthesis of Green Nanoparticles 238
9.4 Scaling-Up the Synthesis of Green Nanoparticles 241
9.5 Uses of Green Nanoparticles for Cell Biology Research 244
9.6 Uses of Green Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering 247
9.7 Uses of Green Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Plant Diseases 249
9.8 Uses of Green Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Human Diseases 252
9.9 Conclusion 258
References 259
10: Nanoparticles: A Boon to Target Mitochondrial Diseases 268
10.1 Mitochondria: The Powerhouses of the Cell 269
10.2 Mitochondrial DNA Diseases 270
10.3 Mitochondria: Source and Target for ROS 270
10.4 Cell, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Oxidative Stress 271
10.4.1 Superoxide Radical 272
10.4.2 Hydrogen Peroxide 272
10.4.3 Hydroxyl Radical 273
10.4.4 Cellular Defense Against ROS 273
10.5 Therapeutic Application of Nanoparticles in Diseases Involving Mitochondrial Dysfunction 273
10.6 Conclusion 277
References 277
Index 280